Seküler devlet: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark
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kDeğişiklik özeti yok Etiket: 2017 kaynak düzenleyici |
Kibrissecim (mesaj | katkılar) Madde düzeltildi, kaynaklar eklendi. |
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| 10. satır: | 10. satır: | ||
Laiklik, bir devletin kurulmasıyla (örneğin, [[Sovyetler Birliği]], Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Hindistan) veya daha sonra [[Sekülerizasyon|sekülerleşmesiyle]] (örneğin, Fransa veya Nepal) tesis edilebilir. Fransa'da ''[[Fransa'da laiklik|laiklik]]'' hareketleri ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde [[Din ve devletin ayrılması|kilise ile devletin ayrılması]], modern laiklik kavramlarını tanımlamıştır; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hem Batı hem de dünya tarihinde açıkça seküler olan ilk ulus olmuştur.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.slader.com/discussion/question/which-nation-was-the-first-secular-nation-in-the-history/ | başlık = Which nation was the first secular nation in history? | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200807021800/https://www.slader.com/discussion/question/which-nation-was-the-first-secular-nation-in-the-history/ | arşivtarihi = 7 Ağustos 2020}}</ref> Tarihsel olarak, sekülerleşme süreci tipik olarak din özgürlüğü vermeyi, devlet dinlerini ortadan kaldırmayı, bir din için kamu fonlarının kullanılmasını durdurmayı, hukuk sistemini dini kontrolden kurtarmayı, eğitim sistemini özgürleştirmeyi, dini değiştiren veya dinden uzak duran vatandaşları hoş görmeyi ve dini inançlarına bakılmaksızın siyasi liderliğin iktidara gelmesine izin vermek olmuştur.<ref>Jean Baubérot [http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp The secular principle] {{webarşiv |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222013645/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp |tarih=22 Şubat 2008 }}</ref> |
Laiklik, bir devletin kurulmasıyla (örneğin, [[Sovyetler Birliği]], Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Hindistan) veya daha sonra [[Sekülerizasyon|sekülerleşmesiyle]] (örneğin, Fransa veya Nepal) tesis edilebilir. Fransa'da ''[[Fransa'da laiklik|laiklik]]'' hareketleri ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde [[Din ve devletin ayrılması|kilise ile devletin ayrılması]], modern laiklik kavramlarını tanımlamıştır; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hem Batı hem de dünya tarihinde açıkça seküler olan ilk ulus olmuştur.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.slader.com/discussion/question/which-nation-was-the-first-secular-nation-in-the-history/ | başlık = Which nation was the first secular nation in history? | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200807021800/https://www.slader.com/discussion/question/which-nation-was-the-first-secular-nation-in-the-history/ | arşivtarihi = 7 Ağustos 2020}}</ref> Tarihsel olarak, sekülerleşme süreci tipik olarak din özgürlüğü vermeyi, devlet dinlerini ortadan kaldırmayı, bir din için kamu fonlarının kullanılmasını durdurmayı, hukuk sistemini dini kontrolden kurtarmayı, eğitim sistemini özgürleştirmeyi, dini değiştiren veya dinden uzak duran vatandaşları hoş görmeyi ve dini inançlarına bakılmaksızın siyasi liderliğin iktidara gelmesine izin vermek olmuştur.<ref>Jean Baubérot [http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp The secular principle] {{webarşiv |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222013645/http://www.ambafrance-us.org/atoz/secular.asp |tarih=22 Şubat 2008 }}</ref> |
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== Günümüzdeki |
== Günümüzdeki seküler devletler == |
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=== Afrika === |
=== Afrika === |
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* {{bayraksimge|Angola}} [[Angola]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ao00000_.html#A008_ |başlık=Article 8 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208163511/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ao00000_.html#A008_ |arşivtarihi=8 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Angola|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao00000_.html#A008_|title=ICL - Angola Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}, Article 8: "The Republic of Angola shall be a secular State..."</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Benin}} [[Benin]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.trazibule.fr/anglais/BENIN.txt |başlık=Article 2 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181350/http://www.trazibule.fr/anglais/BENIN.txt |arşivtarihi=3 Mart 2016 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Benin|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trazibule.fr/anglais/BENIN.txt|title=Article 2 of Constitution}}: "The Republic of Benin shall be one - indivisible, secular, and democratic."</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Botsvana}} [[Botsvana]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90083.htm |başlık=Botswana - International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://www.webcitation.org/616xZHm6d?url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90083.htm |arşivtarihi=21 Ağustos 2011 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2004/July/Tuesday13/404641223950.html |başlık=Leaders say Botswana is a secular state |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210190537/http://www.mmegi.bw/2004/July/Tuesday13/404641223950.html |arşivtarihi=10 Şubat 2005 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Botswana|size=23px}}<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/2004/July/Tuesday13/404641223950.html Leaders say Botswana is a secular state] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210190537/http://www.mmegi.bw/2004/July/Tuesday13/404641223950.html |date=10 February 2005 }}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]]<ref>[http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:IIR9yrUaMFwJ:www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/Burkina%2520FasoC%2520(englishsummary)(rev).doc+constitution+burkina+faso&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us Article 31 of Constitution]{{Ölü bağlantı|tarih=Nisan 2020 }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Burkina Faso|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/Burkina%20FasoC%20(englishsummary)(rev).doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009112408/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/Burkina%20FasoC%20(englishsummary)(rev).doc|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2006|title=Article 31 of Constitution}}: "Burkina Faso is a democratic, unitary and secular state."</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Burundi}} [[Burundi]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN004624.pdf |başlık=Article 1 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007195330/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan004624.pdf |arşivtarihi=7 Ekim 2006 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Burundi|size=23px}}<ref>[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN004624.pdf Article 4 of Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007195330/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN004624.pdf |date=7 October 2006 }}: "Le Burundi est une République unitaire, indépendante et souveraine, laïque et démocratique."</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Cameroon|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf|title=Preamble of Constitution|access-date=1 March 2007|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215062653/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf|url-status=dead}}: "... the State shall be secular."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Central African Republic|size=23px}}<ref>Article 24 of the [https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Central_African_Republic_2016.pdf?lang=en Central African Republic's Constitution of 2016], constituteproject.org: "The Central African Republic is a State of law, unitary, sovereign, indivisible, secular and democratic."</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Gabon}} [[Gabon]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://droit.francophonie.org/doc/html/ga/con/fr/2000/2000dfgacofr1.html |başlık=Article 2 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051019075526/http://droit.francophonie.org/doc/html/ga/con/fr/2000/2000dfgacofr1.html |arşivtarihi=19 Ekim 2005 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Chad|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ChadC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009114533/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ChadC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2006|title=Article 1 of Constitution}}: "Chad is a sovereign, independent, secular, social, and indivisible ..."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Gine}} [[Gine]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002994.pdf |başlık=Article 1 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=13 Eylül 2004 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040913180737/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002994.pdf |arşivtarihi=13 Eylül 2004 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cote_DIvoire_2000.pdf?lang=en|title=Côte d'Ivoire's Constitution of 2000}}, Article 30: "The Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is one and indivisible, secular, democratic and social."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Gine-Bissau}} [[Gine-Bissau|Gine Bisau]]<ref>[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:k6-qv_1C2KUJ:www.cicr.org/ihl-nat.nsf/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/8ff8cad34667b579c1257083002a6fa8/%24FILE/Constitution%2520Guinea%2520Bissau.doc&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us Article 1 of Constitution]{{Ölü bağlantı|tarih=Nisan 2020 }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Congo DR|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo#Article_1er|title=Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo|access-date=18 March 2015}}, article 1er: "République Démocratique du Congo est, dans ses frontières du 30 juin 1960, un État de droit, indépendant, souverain, uni et indivisible, social, démocratique et laïc."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Güney Afrika}} [[Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti|Güney Afrika]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90121.htm |başlık=South Africa - International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828091743/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90121.htm |arşivtarihi=28 Ağustos 2010 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Congo|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf00000_.html#A001_|title=ICL - Congo-Brazzaville - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}, Article 1: "The Republic of the Congo is a sovereign and independent State, decentralized, indivisible, secular, democratic, and social."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kamerun}} [[Kamerun]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |başlık=Preamble of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051229035354/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |arşivtarihi=29 Aralık 2005 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Gabon|size=23px}}<ref>[http://droit.francophonie.org/doc/html/ga/con/fr/2000/2000dfgacofr1.html Article 2 of Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051019075526/http://droit.francophonie.org/doc/html/ga/con/fr/2000/2000dfgacofr1.html |date=19 October 2005 }}: "Le Gabon est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Equatorial Guinea|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Equatorial Guinea|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti}} [[Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo#Article_1er |başlık=Article 1 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508203422/https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo#Article_1er |arşivtarihi=8 Mayıs 2019 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Eritrea|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritre/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eritrea|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Liberya}} [[Liberya]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/li00000_.html#A014_ |başlık=Article 14 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908085213/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/li00000_.html#A014_ |arşivtarihi=8 Eylül 2006 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Eswatini|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eswatini/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Eswatini|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Mali}} [[Mali]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AmZO36FQn_mcJ%3Aconfinder.richmond.edu%2Fadmin%2Fdocs%2FMali.pdf&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us |başlık=Preamble of Constitution |erişimtarihi=12 Nisan 2022 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816220906/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AmZO36FQn_mcJ%3Aconfinder.richmond.edu%2Fadmin%2Fdocs%2FMali.pdf&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us |arşivtarihi=16 Ağustos 2020 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Ethiopia|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ethiopia/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ethiopia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Namibya}} [[Namibya]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/wa00000_.html |başlık=Articles 10, 14, 19 and 21 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226155541/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/wa00000_.html |arşivtarihi=26 Şubat 2010 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Gabon|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/gabon/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gabon|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Gambia|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/gambia/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Gambia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Somali}} [[Somali]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/somalia/1995/reunification/appendix_1.htm |başlık=Appendix 1: Draft Constitution for the Republic of Somalia<!-- Bot generated title --> |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401162306/http://www.civicwebs.com/cwvlib/africa/somalia/1995/reunification/appendix_1.htm |arşivtarihi=1 Nisan 2008 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Ghana|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ghana/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ghana|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Tunus}} [[Tunus]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://halktv.com.tr/makale/devletin-dini-islam-ifadesi-artik-yok-tunusta-tarihi-donemec-685878 | başlık = Mustafa Kemal Erdemol: 'Devletin dini İslam' ifadesi artık yok! Tunus’ta tarihi dönemeç | erişimtarihi =18 Ağustos 2022| dil =Türkçe| çalışma = Halk TV | ad = Mustafa K. | soyadı = Erdemol | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220726212616/https://halktv.com.tr/makale/devletin-dini-islam-ifadesi-artik-yok-tunusta-tarihi-donemec-685878 | arşivtarihi = 26 Temmuz 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/darbeci-diktatorun-laiklik-hayali-gercek-oldu-devletin-dini-islamdir-ibaresi-resmen-kalkti-1683407.html | başlık = Darbeci diktatörün laiklik hayali gerçek oldu! "Devletin dini İslam'dır" ibaresi resmen kalktı - Yeni Akit | erişimtarihi =18 Ağustos 2022| dil =Türkçe| çalışma = www.yeniakit.com.tr | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20220818053537/https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/haber/darbeci-diktatorun-laiklik-hayali-gercek-oldu-devletin-dini-islamdir-ibaresi-resmen-kalkti-1683407.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Ağustos 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Guinea|size=23px}}<ref>[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002994.pdf Article 1 of Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040913180737/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan002994.pdf |date=13 September 2004 }}: "La Guinée est une République unitaire, indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Yeşil Burun Adaları}} [[Yeşil Burun Adaları]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://capeverde-islands.com/cvconstitution.html |başlık=Article 48 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114054521/http://capeverde-islands.com/cvconstitution.html |arşivtarihi=14 Kasım 2017 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}}<ref>[http://www.cicr.org/ihl-nat.nsf/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/8ff8cad34667b579c1257083002a6fa8/$FILE/Constitution%20Guinea%20Bissau.doc Article 1 of Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121916/http://www.cicr.org/ihl-nat.nsf/162d151af444ded44125673e00508141/8ff8cad34667b579c1257083002a6fa8/$FILE/Constitution%20Guinea%20Bissau.doc |date=5 November 2013 }}: "Guinea-Bissau is a sovereign, democratic, secular and unitary republic."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Kenya}}<ref name="constKenya">{{cite web | url=http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/rest//db/kenyalex/Kenya/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya/docs/ConstitutionofKenya%202010.pdf | title=The Constitution of Kenya | access-date=14 March 2022 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221100933/http://www.kenyalaw.org:8181/exist/rest//db/kenyalex/Kenya/The%20Constitution%20of%20Kenya/docs/ConstitutionofKenya%202010.pdf | archivedate=21 December 2013 }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Lesotho|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lesotho/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lesotho|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Liberia|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/liberia/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Liberia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Madagascar|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_2010.pdf?lang=en|title=Madagascar's Constitution of 2010}}, Article 1: "The Malagasy People constitute a nation organized as a sovereign, unitary, republican and secular State."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Malawi|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malawi|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Mali|size=23px}}<ref>[http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912141413/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Mali.pdf |date=12 September 2012 }}, Article 25: "Mali is an independent, sovereign, indivisible, democratic, secular, social Republic."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Mozambique|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mozambique/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mozambique|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Namibia|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa00000_.html|title=ICL - Namibia - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}, Article 1: "The Republic of Namibia is hereby established as a sovereign, secular, democratic and unitary State ..."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Niger|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/niger/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Nigeria|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/nigeria/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nigeria|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Rwanda|size=23px}}<ref>Article 4 of the [https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Rwanda_2015.pdf?lang=en Rwanda's Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015], constituteproject.org, Article 4: "The Rwandan State is an independent, sovereign, democratic, social and secular Republic."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Sao Tome and Principe|size=23px}}<ref>Article 154 of the [https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Sao_Tome_and_Principe_2003.pdf?lang=en Sao Tome and Principe's Constitution of 1975 with Amendments through 2003], constituteproject.org, "The following may not be the subject of a revision to the Constitution: [...] b. The secular status of the State;"</ref> |
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* {{flag|Senegal|size=23px}}<ref>Article 1 of the [https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016], constituteproject.org, "The Republic of Senegal is secular, democratic, and social."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Sierra Leone|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sierra-leone/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sierra Leone|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|South Africa|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-africa/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Africa|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|South Sudan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Sudan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Sudan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sudan/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Tanzania|size=23px}}<ref>Article 3 of the [https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Tanzania_2005.pdf?lang=en Tanzania (United Republic of)'s Constitution of 1977 with Amendments through 2005], constituteproject.org, "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy"</ref> |
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* {{flag|Togo|size=23px}}<ref>Article 1 of the [https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Togo_2007.pdf?lang=en Togo's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2007], constituteproject.org, "The Togolese Republic is a State of law, secular, democratic and social."</ref> |
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* {{flag|Uganda|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uganda/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uganda|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Zimbabwe|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zimbabwe/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Zimbabwe|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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{{colend}} |
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=== Amerika === |
=== Amerika === |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} |
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* {{bayraksimge|ABD}} [[Amerika Birleşik Devletleri|ABD]]<ref>[[Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasası Birinci Değişikliği]]</ref> |
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* {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/antigua-and-barbuda/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Antigua and Barbuda|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Bolivya}} [[Bolivya]] |
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* {{flag|Argentina}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/argentina/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Argentina|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Brezilya}} [[Brezilya]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/br00000_.html#A019_ |başlık=Article 19 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210063821/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/br00000_.html#A019_ |arşivtarihi=10 Aralık 2006 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Bahamas}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bahamas/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bahamas|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Ekvador}} [[Ekvador]] |
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* {{flag|Barbados}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/barbados/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Barbados|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]] |
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* {{flag|Belize}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/belize/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Belize|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Honduras}} [[Honduras]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Honduras/hond05.html |başlık=Article 77 of the Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914051306/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Honduras/hond05.html |arşivtarihi=14 Eylül 2019 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://countrystudies.us/honduras/84.htm |başlık=Summary Honduras Constitutions (English) |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121122329/http://countrystudies.us/honduras/84.htm |arşivtarihi=21 Kasım 2010 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Bolivia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bolivia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bolivia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kanada}} [[Kanada]]<ref>[[Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]</ref> |
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* {{flag|Brazil}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brazil/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kolombiya}} [[Kolombiya]] |
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* {{flag|Canada}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/canada/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Canada|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Küba}} [[Küba]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.embacubalebanon.com/constite.html |başlık=Article 8 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421023917/http://www.embacubalebanon.com/constite.html |arşivtarihi=21 Nisan 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Chile}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/chile/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Chile|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Meksika}} [[Meksika]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html |başlık=Article 130 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303014932/http://www.ilstu.edu/class/hist263/docs/1917const.html |arşivtarihi=3 Mart 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Colombia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/colombia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Colombia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Paraguay}} [[Paraguay]] |
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* {{flag|Cuba}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cuba/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cuba|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Peru}} [[Peru]] |
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* {{flag|Dominica}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/dominica/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominica|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Puerto Rico}} [[Porto Riko]]<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |başlık=Article II of Constitution Sección 3 |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |arşivtarihi=14 Kasım 2011 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Dominican Republic}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/dominican-republic/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Dominican Republic|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Şili}} [[Şili]] |
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* {{flag|Ecuador}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/ecuador/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ecuador|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]] |
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* {{flag|El Salvador}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/el-salvador/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: El Salvador|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]] |
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* {{flag|Grenada}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/grenada/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Grenada|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Guatemala}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guatemala/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guatemala|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Guyana}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guyana/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Guyana|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Haiti}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/haiti/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Haiti|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Honduras}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/honduras/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Honduras|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Jamaica|size=23px}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/jamaica/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Jamaica|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Mexico}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mexico/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mexico|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Nicaragua}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/nicaragua/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nicaragua|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Paraguay}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/paraguay/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Paraguay|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Panama}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Panama|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Peru}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/peru/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Peru|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saint-kitts-and-nevis/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Kitts and Nevis|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Saint Lucia}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saint-lucia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Lucia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Suriname}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/suriname/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Suriname|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/trinidad-and-tobago/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/religion_and_the_constitution|title=Religion and the US Constitution: The First Amendment|publisher=[[Cornell Law School]]|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Uruguay}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uruguay/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uruguay|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Venezuela}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/venezuela/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Venezuela|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref> |
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{{colend}} |
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=== Asya === |
=== Asya === |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|the People's Republic of China}} Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ch00000_.html#A036_ |başlık=Article 36 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208094244/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ch00000_.html#A036_ |arşivtarihi=8 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|India|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|title=THE CONSTITUTION (AMENDMENT)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm|archive-date=28 March 2015}}, "WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its..."</ref> |
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** {{Bayraksimge|Hong Kong}} Hong Kong |
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* {{Flag|Japan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/japan/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Japan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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** {{Bayraksimge|Makao}} Macau |
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* {{Flag|Republic of Korea|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-korea/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: South Korea|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Doğu Timor}} Doğu Timor<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.eastimorlawjournal.org/East_Timor_National_Parliament_Laws/constitution-english.html |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=18 Ocak 2010 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403104251/http://www.eastimorlawjournal.org/East_Timor_National_Parliament_Laws/constitution-english.html |arşivtarihi=3 Nisan 2013 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan|size=23px}}<ref>[http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Legal_co-operation/Foreigners_and_citizens/Nationality/Documents/National_legislation/Kyrgyzstan%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Kyrghyz%20Republic.asp Article 1 of Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204064819/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Legal_co-operation/Foreigners_and_citizens/Nationality/Documents/National_legislation/Kyrgyzstan%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Kyrghyz%20Republic.asp |date=4 February 2007 }}, Article 1: "The Kyrghyz Republic (Kyrghyzstan) shall be a sovereign unitary democratic republic created on the basis of a legal secular state."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Filipinler}} Filipinler<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a2.asp |başlık=Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302124422/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a2.asp |arşivtarihi=2 Mart 2007 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Laos|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/laos/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Laos|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Hindistan}} Hindistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/in00000_.html |başlık=Preamble of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219025545/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/in00000_.html |arşivtarihi=19 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Mongolia|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mongolia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mongolia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Endonezya}} Endonezya |
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* {{Flag|Nepal|size=23px}}<ref>{{harvnb|Dodd|2003|p=571|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wImNYmmgcA0C&pg=PT571 The rough guide to Nepal]}}: "After 2005, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Nepal declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Japonya}} Japonya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ja00000_.html#A020_ |başlık=Article 20 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314194145/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ja00000_.html#A020_ |arşivtarihi=14 Mart 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Philippines|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/|title=Article II Section 6 of the Constitution of the Philippines|access-date=12 March 2021}}, "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kazakistan}} Kazakistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 |başlık=Article 1 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128063753/http://www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 |arşivtarihi=28 Kasım 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Singapore|size=23px}}<ref>See [[Declaration of Religious Harmony]], which explicitly states the secular nature of society</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kuzey Kore}} Kuzey Kore |
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* {{Flag|Syria|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/syria/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Güney Kore}} Güney Kore<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ks00000_.html#A020_ |başlık=Article 20 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728021032/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ks00000_.html#A020_ |arşivtarihi=28 Temmuz 2006 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Taiwan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/taiwan/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Taiwan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn1|State with limited recognition.<ref name="autogenerated2011">{{Citation |title=Introduction: Secular State and Pious Muslims |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137010643.0003 |work=Secular State and Religious Society |year=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.1057/9781137010643.0003 |isbn=9781137010643 |access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kırgızistan}} Kırgizistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Legal_Affairs/Legal_co-operation/Foreigners_and_citizens/Nationality/Documents/National_legislation/Kyrgyzstan%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Kyrghyz%20Republic.asp |başlık=Article 1 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050619044527/http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/foreigners_and_citizens/nationality/documents/national_legislation/kyrgyzstan%20constitution%20of%20the%20kyrghyz%20republic.asp |arşivtarihi=19 Haziran 2005 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Tajikistan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Tajikistan_2003.pdf?lang=en|title=Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003}}, Article 1: "The Republic of Tajikistan is a sovereign, democratic, law-governed, secular, and unitary State."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Laos}} Laos |
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* {{Flag|Timor-Leste|size=23px}}<ref>[https://constituteproject.org/constitution/East_Timor_2002.pdf?lang=en Preamble to the Constitution], "The elaboration and adoption of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor is the culmination of the secular resistance of the Timorese People ..."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Moğolistan}} Moğolistan |
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* {{Flag|Turkmenistan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uta.edu/cpsees/TURKCON.htm|title=Constitution of Turkmenistan|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414030847/http://www.uta.edu/cpsees/TURKCON.htm|url-status=dead}}, Article 1: "Turkmenistan is a democratic secular state ..."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Nepal}} Nepal<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |başlık=Religious Intelligence - News - Nepal moves to become a secular republic<!-- Bot generated title --> |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031409/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471 |arşivtarihi=30 Ocak 2009 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Uzbekistan|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/uzbekistan/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Uzbekistan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Özbekistan}} Özbekistan |
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* {{Flag|Vietnam|size=23px}}<ref>{{harvnb|Dodd|2003|p=571|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wImNYmmgcA0C&pg=PT571 The rough guide to Vietnam]}}: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Singapur}} Singapur |
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{{colend}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Tacikistan}} Tacikistan |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Tayland}} Tayland<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/th00000_.html |başlık=Section 38 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526062910/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/th00000_.html |arşivtarihi=26 Mayıs 2010 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|the Republic of China}} Tayvan |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Türkmenistan}} Türkmenistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/countri/c%26konst.html |başlık=Статья 11 |erişimtarihi=24 Mart 2020 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218232742/http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/countri/c%26konst.html |arşivtarihi=18 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.uta.edu/cpsees/TURKCON.htm |başlık=Article 11 of the Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414030847/http://www.uta.edu/cpsees/TURKCON.htm |arşivtarihi=14 Nisan 2015 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Vietnam}} Vietnam<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/vm00000_.html |başlık=Article 70 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504183940/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/vm00000_.html |arşivtarihi=4 Mayıs 2010 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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=== Avrupa === |
=== Avrupa === |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Almanya}} Almanya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www3.assembly.go.kr/file/10010002352000100504481.htm#A140_ |başlık=Article 140 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712093656/http://www3.assembly.go.kr/file/10010002352000100504481.htm#A140_ |arşivtarihi=12 Temmuz 2006 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Albania}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al00000_.html#A007_|title=ICL - Albania - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Andorra}}<ref>{{cite web | title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom:Andorra| website=United States Department of State | date=12 May 2021 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/andorra/ | access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Avusturya}} Avusturya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/au00000_.html |başlık=Articles 7 and 14 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323100856/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/au00000_.html |arşivtarihi=23 Mart 2010 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Austria}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au00000_.html|title=ICL - Austria Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Belarus}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ia5AAQAAQBAJ|title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe|first1=Jørgen|last1=Nielsen|first2=Samim|last2=Akgönül|first3=Ahmet|last3=Alibašić|first4=Egdunas|last4=Racius|date=19 September 2013|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=9789004255869}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Belarus}} Belarus<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/bo00000_.html#A016_ |başlık=Article 16 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207022657/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/bo00000_.html#A016_ |arşivtarihi=7 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Belgium}}<ref>In Belgium, Article 20 of the Constitution provides: No one can be obliged to contribute in any way whatsoever to the acts and ceremonies of religion, nor to observe the days of rest. {{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be00000_.html|title=ICL - Belgium - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref name="USDS B&H 2021">{{cite web | title=United States Department of State | website=United States Department of State | date=12 May 2021 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ | access-date=10 Feb 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Bosna-Hersek}} Bosna Hersek |
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* {{flag|Bulgaria}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.bg/?page=const&lng=en|title=National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Bulgaristan}} Bulgaristan |
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* {{flag|Croatia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usud.hr/sites/default/files/dokumenti/The_consolidated_text_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia_as_of_15_January_2014.pdf|title=The consolidated text of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia as of 15 January 2014|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Çek Cumhuriyeti}} Çek Cumhuriyeti<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://angl.concourt.cz/angl_verze/rights.php |başlık=Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430034320/http://angl.concourt.cz/angl_verze/rights.php |arşivtarihi=30 Nisan 2008 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Czechia}}<ref>[http://angl.concourt.cz/angl_verze/rights.php Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430034320/http://angl.concourt.cz/angl_verze/rights.php |date=30 April 2008 }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Estonia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en00000_.html#A040_|title=ICL - Estonia - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Finland}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/finland/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Finland|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Finlandiya}} Finlandiya |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|France}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr00000_.html#A002_|title=ICL - France Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Germany}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/germany/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Germany|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Galler}} Galler, {{Bayraksimge|Birleşik Krallık}} Birleşik Krallık |
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* {{Flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/hungary/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Hungary|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Gürcistan}} Gürcistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/constitution/constitution.georgia.html |başlık=Article 9 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912022146/http://www.friends-partners.org/oldfriends/constitution/constitution.georgia.html |arşivtarihi=12 Eylül 2009 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Italy}}<ref>Articles 3, 7, 8, 19, 20 of Constitution; Constitutional Court's Decision n. 203/1989</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Hollanda}} Hollanda |
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* {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1vU9p9ftlsC&q=kosovo+constitution+article+7&pg=PA235|title=Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe|first1=Talia|last1=Naamat|first2=Dina|last2=Porat|first3=Nina|last3=Osin|date=19 July 2012|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|via=Google Books|isbn=978-9004226128}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn1}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Hırvatistan}} Hırvatistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/hr00000_.html#A041_ |başlık=Article 41 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211175923/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/hr00000_.html#A041_ |arşivtarihi=11 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Latvia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg00000_.html#A099_|title=ICL - Latvia - Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|İrlanda}} İrlanda<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/785.htm U.S. Department of State - Ireland] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407220633/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eur/785.htm |tarih=7 Nisan 2010 }} (''The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government does not hamper the teaching or practice of any faith. Even though overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, Ireland has no state religion.'')</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Lithuania}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lithuania/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lithuania|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|İskoçya}} İskoçya, {{Bayraksimge|Birleşik Krallık}} Birleşik Krallık |
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* {{Flag|Luxembourg}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|İspanya}} İspanya |
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* {{Flag|Moldova}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/moldova/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|İsveç}} İsveç<ref>The Swedish head of state must according to the [[Swedish Act of Succession]] adhere to the [[Augsburg Confession]]</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Netherlands|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/netherlands/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Netherlands|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|İsviçre}} İsviçre |
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* {{ |
* {{Flag|Poland}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/poland/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Poland|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Portugal}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dre.pt/part-i|title=Constitution|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Macaristan}} Macaristan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/hu00000_.html#A060_ |başlık=Article 60 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208094254/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/hu00000_.html#A060_ |arşivtarihi=8 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Romania}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/romania/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Romania|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kuzey Kıbrıs}} Kuzey Kıbrıs |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Serbia}}<ref>[http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217 Article 11 of the Constitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616134133/http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217 |date=16 June 2013 }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Slovakia}}<ref name="concourt1">{{cite web|url=http://www.concourt.sk/en/A_ustava/ustava_a.pdf|title=Article 1 of Constitution}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kuzey İrlanda}} Kuzey İrlanda, {{Bayraksimge|Birleşik Krallık}} Birleşik Krallık |
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* {{flag|Slovenia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us-rs.si/en/about-the-court/legal-basis/constitution/|title=Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Karadağ}} Karadağ |
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* {{flag|Spain}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/Hist_Normas/Norm/const_espa_texto_ingles_0.pdf|title=Article 16 of Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Kuzey Makedonya}} Kuzey Makedonya |
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* {{flag|Sweden}}<ref>The Swedish head of state must according to the [[Swedish Act of Succession]] adhere to the [[Augsburg Confession]]</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Letonya}} Letonya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/lg00000_.html#A099_ |başlık=Article 99 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206114833/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/lg00000_.html#A099_ |arşivtarihi=6 Şubat 2007 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Switzerland}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/switzerland/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Switzerland|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Litvanya}} Litvanya |
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* {{flag|Ukraine}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Ukraine_2016.pdf?lang=en|title=Constitution|publisher=constituteproject.org|access-date=4 October 2020}}, article 35: "The Church and religious organisations in Ukraine are separated from the State, and |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Lüksemburg}} Lüksemburg |
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the school - from the Church."</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Moldova}} Moldova |
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{{colend}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Polonya}} Polonya<ref>But [[Concordat of 1993]] ratified in 1998</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Portekiz}} Portekiz<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.parlamento.pt/ingles/cons_leg/Constitution_VII_revisao_definitive.doc |başlık=Article 41 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409043230/http://www.parlamento.pt/ingles/cons_leg/Constitution_VII_revisao_definitive.doc |arşivtarihi=9 Nisan 2008 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Romanya}} Romanya<ref>Article 29 of the Constitution, Article 9(1) of Law 489/2006 on Religious Freedom</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Rusya}} Rusya<ref>Article 14 of Constitution</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Sırbistan}} Sırbistan<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217 |başlık=Article 11 of the Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616134133/http://www.srbija.gov.rs/cinjenice_o_srbiji/ustav_odredbe.php?id=217 |arşivtarihi=16 Haziran 2013 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Slovakya}} Slovakya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.concourt.sk/en/A_ustava/ustava_a.pdf |başlık=Article 1 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903160801/http://www.concourt.sk/en/A_ustava/ustava_a.pdf |arşivtarihi=3 Eylül 2013 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Slovenya}} Slovenya |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Türkiye}} Türkiye<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://ookgm.meb.gov.tr/Mevzuat_htm/Anayasa.htm |başlık=Article 2 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205133420/http://ookgm.meb.gov.tr/Mevzuat_htm/Anayasa.htm |arşivtarihi=5 Aralık 2008 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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=== Okyanusya === |
=== Okyanusya === |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Avustralya}} Avustralya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/as00000_.html#S116_ |başlık=Section 116 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121045409/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/as00000_.html#S116_ |arşivtarihi=21 Kasım 2006 |ölüurl=evet }}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Australia|size=23px}}<ref>Section 116 of the [[Constitution of Australia]] provides, "the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth. {{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as00000_.html#S116_|title=ICL - Australia Constitution|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Federated States of Micronesia}} Mikronezya<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/constitution.htm |başlık=Section IV Article 2 of Constitution |erişimtarihi=4 Haziran 2009 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010181920/http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/constitution.htm |arşivtarihi=10 Ekim 2018 |ölüurl=hayır}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Fiji|size=23px}}<ref>Article 4 of the [[2013 Constitution of Fiji]] explicitly provides that Fiji is a secular state. It guarantees religious liberty, while stating, "religious belief is personal", and, "[[Separation of church and state|religion and the State are separate]]." [http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/8e981ca2-1757-4e27-88e0-f87e3b3b844e/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution.aspx Constitution of the Republic of Fiji] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206063023/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/8e981ca2-1757-4e27-88e0-f87e3b3b844e/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution.aspx |date=6 February 2016 }}, 2013</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Yeni Zelanda}} Yeni Zelanda |
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* {{Flag|Kiribati|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kiribati/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kiribati|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Marshall Islands|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/marshall-islands/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Marshall Islands|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Micronesia|size=23px}}<ref>Section 2 of Article IV of the [[2002 Micronesian constitutional referendum|Micronesian constitution]] provides, "no law may be passed respecting an establishment of religion or impairing the free exercise of religion, except that assistance may be provided to parochial schools for non-religious purposes." {{cite web|url=http://www.fsmlaw.org/fsm/constitution/constitution.htm|title=Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Nauru|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/nauru/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Nauru|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|New Zealand|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/new-zealand/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: New Zealand|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Palau|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/palau/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Palau|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Papua New Guinea|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/papua-new-guinea/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Papua New Guinea|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Solomon Islands|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/solomon-islands/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Solomon Islands|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Vanuatu|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vanuatu/|title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vanuatu|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref> |
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{{colend}} |
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===Kıtalararası ülkeler=== |
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== Eskiden laik olan devletler == |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}} |
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* {{bayraksimge|Iran|1964}} [[İran]] (1925-1979): 1979 yılında İslam Devrimi gerçekleştirildi ve ülke İslami cumhuriyete çevrildi. |
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* {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/armenia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Armenia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Irak}} [[Irak]] (1932-1968) |
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* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/azerbaijan/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Azerbaijan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Bayraksimge|Madagaskar}} [[Madagaskar]] (1960-2007): 2007 yılında anayasadaki ''laiklik'' ibaresi çıkartıldı. |
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* {{Flag|Cyprus}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/cyprus/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Cyprus|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{bayraksimge|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] (1947-1956): 1956 Anayasası ile ülke İslami cumhuriyete dönüştürüldü. |
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* {{flag|Georgia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/georgia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Georgia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/kazakhstan/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kazakhstan|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ombudsman.gov.ct.tr/Portals/20/Constitution%20of%20TRNC.pdf|title=Northern Cyprus Constitution|access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn1}} |
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* {{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/russia/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Russia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Turkey|size=23px}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/|title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Turkey|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> |
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{{colend}} |
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== Belirsiz duruma sahip devletler == |
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== Eskiden laik olan devletler == |
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* {{Bayrak|Amerika Birleşik Devletleri|size=23px}} |
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* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Confederate States of America (1865).svg|size=23px}} [[Amerika Konfedere Devletleri]] (1861–1865)<ref>[https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csapro.asp Confederate States of America - Constitution for the Provisional Government ]</ref><ref>[https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csa.asp Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861 ]</ref> |
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** Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasası din özgürlüğünü ve örgütlenme özgürlüğünü garanti ederken, 1956 Kongre yasasına göre ABD'nin resmi [[Amerika Birleşik Devletleri sloganı|sloganı]] "Tanrı'ya güveniyoruz" olarak değiştirildi. Bu Kongre kararından önce, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin resmi sloganı, ülkenin kuruluşundan bu yana "E Pleribus Unum" veya Türkçe şekli ile "çokluktan birlik" idi. Ayrıca, 1864'ten beri para birimlerinde "Tanrı'ya güveniyoruz" sloganı basılmıştır.<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |başlık=Arşivlenmiş kopya |erişimtarihi=11 Şubat 2021 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417182551/http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |arşivtarihi=17 Nisan 2015 |ölüurl=hayır }}</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{flag|Bangladesh|1972|size=23px}} (1972–1977) |
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** 1972 ve 1977 yılları arasında de facto seküler olan ülkede sekülerlik önce anayasadan çıkartıldı ardından 1988 yılında devlet dini [[İslam]]dır ibaresi eklendi. <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12651483 |title=Bangladesh profile - Timeline |work=BBC News |date=26 February 2019}}</ref> |
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** [[Arjantin Anayasası]]'nın 1. kısmının 2. maddesine göre, "Federal Hükümet Roma Katolik Apostolik dinini desteklemektedir"<ref>{{Web kaynağı |url=http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/Argentina-Constitution.pdf |başlık=Argentina Constitution |erişimtarihi=6 Kasım 2021 |arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613085009/http://www.biblioteca.jus.gov.ar/Argentina-Constitution.pdf |arşivtarihi=13 Haziran 2021 |ölüurl=hayır }}</ref> ancak resmi bir devlet dinini veya kilise ile devletin ayrılmasını şart koşmamaktadır. Ancak pratikte, ülke çoğunlukla sekülerdir ve diğer dinlere mensup insanlara karşı hiçbir zulüm yoktur; faaliyetlerinde tamamen kabul edilirler ve hatta teşvik edilirler. |
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* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg|size=23px}} [[Afganistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti]] (1980–1987) |
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* {{Bayrak|Bangladeş|size=23px}} |
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** [[Sovyetler Birliği]] işgali sırasında seküler olan ülkede 1987 yılında [[İslam]] yeniden resmi din oldu. |
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** Bangladeş'i hem İslami<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367§ions_id=24549%7CSection | başlık = 2A. The state religion | erişimtarihi = 18 Mart 2015 | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150216122105/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367§ions_id=24549%7CSection | arşivtarihi = 16 Şubat 2015}}</ref> hem de laik yapan anayasal bir belirsizlik vardır. Din özgürlüğü, dine bakılmaksızın tüm vatandaşlara eşit haklar tanıdığı anayasası ile güvence altına alınmıştır. 2010 yılında Yüksek Mahkeme 1972 anayasasının laik ilkelerini kaldırdı.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367§ions_id=24560%7CSection | başlık = 12. | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150216122105/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367§ions_id=24560%7CSection | arşivtarihi = 16 Şubat 2015}}</ref> |
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* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svg|size=23px}} [[Kampuçya Halk Cumhuriyeti]] (1979-1993) |
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* {{Bayrak|Birleşik Krallık|size=23px}} |
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* {{flag|Iraq|1963|size=23px}} (1932–1993) |
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** [[İngiltere Kilisesi]], yalnızca bölge olan İngiltere'nin yerleşik devlet dinidir. Kuzey İrlanda veya Galler'de kurulmamıştır ve bu bölgelerdeki Anglikan Kilisesi (sırasıyla [[İrlanda Kilisesi|İrlanda]] [[Galler Kilisesi|Kilisesi ve Galler'deki Kilise]]) 1871 ve 1920'de İngiltere Kilisesi'nden özerk hale geldi. İskoçya'nın genel olarak Protestan [[İskoçya Kilisesi|Kilisesi]], [[ulusal kilise]] olarak belirsiz, özel bir anayasal statüye sahiptir. Galli ve İrlandalı muadillerinin aksine, İskoçya'daki Anglikan Kilisesi ([[İskoç Piskoposluk Kilisesi]]) hiçbir zaman statü kurmamıştı. |
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** Irak 1932 yılında seküler olarak kuruldu. [[Saddam Hüseyin]] liderliğindeki [[Baas Partisi]] liderliğinde yürütülen inanç kampanyası doğrultusunda 1993 yılından itibaren devlet ve toplumda İslam dini etkili olmaya başladı. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=2889|title=Americanchronicle.com|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141154/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=2889|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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*** İrlanda Kilisesi ve Galler'deki Kilise gibi, İskoç Piskoposluk Kilisesi de İngiltere Kilisesi'nden özerktir. Ancak hepsi hala [[Anglikanizm|tam bir birliktelik içindedir]]. |
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* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg|size=23px}} [[Myanmar]] (1885–1961; 1962–2008) |
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** İki başpiskopos ve 24 üst düzey [[piskoposluk]] İngiltere Kilisesi (piskoposları [[Lordlar Manevi|Ruhani Lordlar]]) sandalyeleri var ve [[Lordlar Kamarası]]nda onlar tüm Birleşik Krallık etkileyen kararlar üzerinde tartışmalara ve seçimlere katılmalarında sakınca yoktur. |
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** Britanya Birmanyası döneminde sosyalist hükümet yönetiinde seküler olan ülkede rejim değişikliğiyle birlikte resmi din [[Budizm]] oldu. |
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*** Parlamento, Lordlar Kamarasındaki bir Lord Ruhani üyesi ve Avam Kamarası'nda [[Avam Kamarası Başkanı (Birleşik Krallık)|Meclis Başkanı'nın]] papazı tarafından yönetilen dualarla açılır.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g07.pdf Some Traditions and Customs of the House] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612073845/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g07.pdf |tarih=12 Haziran 2010 }}, House of Commons Information Office, August 2010.</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Samoa|size=23px}} (1962–2017) |
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** Kraliyetin egemenliğinin yasalar yoluyla ifade edilmesi için tam terim, [[Parlamentoda Kraliçe|Tanrı yönetimindeki Parlamentoda Kraliyet'tir]]. Taç giyme törenlerinde hükümdar, Canterbury Başpiskoposu tarafından [[Westminster Abbey|Westminster Abbey'deki]] bir hizmette kutsal yağla meshedilir ve [[İlahi kanun|Tanrı Yasalarının]] ve [[Kitâb-ı Mukaddes|Kutsal Kitap]]'ın açıklanmasını sürdürmek, Birleşik Krallık'ta [[Protestanlık|Protestanlığı]], özellikle de Kilise'yi korumak için yemin etmelidir. İngiltere ve İngiltere'deki yerleşik yasalara göre doktrin, ibadet, disiplin ve hükûmeti korumalıdır. |
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** 2017 yılında anayasaya devletin dininin [[Hristiyanlık]] olduğu eklendi. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616153746/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2017|title=Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State - The Diplomat|date=16 June 2017}}</ref> |
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*** Bu nedenle, [[İrlanda Kilisesi]] artık kurulmamış ve Galler'deki [[Galler Kilisesi|Kilise olarak Galler'de]] [[İngiltere Kilisesi]] [[Disestablishmentarianism|kaldırılmış olsa]] da, Kraliyet, [[1688 Taç Giyme Yemini Yasası|1688 Taç giyme Yemini Yasası ile]] genel olarak Birleşik Krallık'ın tamamında Protestanlığı korumakla [[1688 Taç Giyme Yemini Yasası|yükümlüdür.]] ve [[1689 Haklar Beyannamesi|Haklar Bildirgesi]] ve [[İskoçya Kilisesi|İskoçya Kilisesi'ni]] [[1707 Birlik Yasaları|1707 Birlik Yasası]] ile korumak.<ref>[https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00435/SN00435.pdf The Coronation Oath] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225092803/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN00435/SN00435.pdf |tarih=25 Şubat 2021 }}, House of Commons Library, 27 August 2008.</ref> Tüm Milletvekilleri (milletvekilleri) sandalyelerine oturmak için Kraliçe'ye bağlılıklarını beyan etmelidir. Ancak her bir milletvekili dini bir yemini onaylayıp onaylamamayı seçebilir. |
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* {{Bayrak|Ermenistan|size=23px}} |
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** Anayasa resmi olarak kiliseyi devletten ayırır; ancak [[Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi]]'ni milli kilise olarak kabul ediyor.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2005/ | başlık = Constitution of Armenia | tarih = 27 Kasım 2005 | çalışma = president.am | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160418050731/http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2005/ | arşivtarihi = 18 Nisan 2016}}</ref> |
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* {{bayrak|Türkiye|size=23px}} |
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** Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin anayasasının ikinci maddesinde devletin laik olduğu açıkça tanımlanmaktadır. Ancak uygulamada devlet ile [[Sünnilik|Sünni İslam]] arasında yakın bir ilişki vardır. 3 Mart 1924'te [[Şer'iye ve Evkaf Vekâleti]]'nin halefi olarak kurulan<ref>{{Web kaynağı | başlık = Kuruluş ve Tarihi Gelişim | url = http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr/kategori/kurulus-ve-tarihce/28 | yayıncı = Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı | erişimtarihi = 30 Mart 2015 | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160327232321/http://diyanet.gov.tr/tr/kategori/kurulus-ve-tarihce/28 | arşivtarihi = 27 Mart 2016 | ölüurl =evet}}</ref> ve bugün doğrudan cumhurbaşkanına bağlı resmi bir devlet kurumu olan [[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]], Sünni kurumların tüm yönetiminden sorumludur.<ref>{{Web kaynağı | tarih = 30 Temmuz 2020 | başlık = Turkey may have reclaimed the leadership of Sunni Islam from Saudi Arabia | url = https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200730-turkey-may-have-reclaimed-the-leadership-of-sunni-islam-from-saudi-arabia/ | erişimtarihi = 2 Haziran 2021 | website = Middle East Monitor | dil = en-GB | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20200730132759/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200730-turkey-may-have-reclaimed-the-leadership-of-sunni-islam-from-saudi-arabia/ | arşivtarihi = 30 Temmuz 2020}}</ref> Sünni din adamları gibi devlet üniversitelerinin ilahiyat fakültelerinde çalışan her personel de devlet memurudur. Sünni devlet kurumlarına büyük bütçeler ayrılmış durumdadır. Ayrıca İslam, [[Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi]] hükûmeti tarafından [[de facto|fiili]] anlamda devletin dini olarak kabul edilmektedir. Örneğin, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı Twitter hesabından yapmış olduğu açıklamada İslam hakkında "dinimiz" ifadesini kullanmıştır.<ref>{{tweet kaynağı|numara=1350918166378110979|kullanıcı=TC_Disisleri|başlık=Atina ve Tüm Yunanistan Başpiskoposu’nun Dinimize Yönelik İfadeleri Hk."|yazarbağı=Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı|tarih=18 Ocak 2021|erişimtarihi=20 Ocak 2021|ad=T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı}}</ref> |
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== Ayrıca bakınız == |
== Ayrıca bakınız == |
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* [[Laiklik]] |
* [[Laiklik]] |
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*[[Din özgürlüğü]] |
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*[[Sekülerite]] |
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*[[Din ve devletin ayrılması]] |
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*[[Seküler din]] |
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*[[Devlet ateizmi]] |
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*[[Devlet dini]] |
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== Kaynakça == |
== Kaynakça == |
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{{Kaynakça |
{{Kaynakça}} |
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[[Kategori:Devlet]] |
[[Kategori:Devlet]] |
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Sayfanın 19.17, 24 Ağustos 2023 tarihindeki hâli
Laik veya seküler devletler
devlet dini olan devletler
belirsiz veya veri yok
| Siyaset serisinin bir parçası |
| Hükûmet biçimleri |
|---|
| Hükûmet biçimleri listesi |
Seküler devlet ya da laik devlet, resmî bir dini bulunmayan ve yasaların belli bir dine göre şekillendirilmediği devlettir. Laik devletler, herhangi bir dine inanan veya hiçbir dine inanmayan tüm vatandaşlarına eşit mesafede bulunur, bu tür devletlerde kişiler dinî inançlarına bakılmaksızın aynı mahkemelerde aynı yasalarla yargılanır. Dinî kurumların siyasete karışması yasaktır. Laik devlet yapısının egemen olduğu ülkelerde din ve vicdan özgürlüğü vardır ve bu yüzden herkes inandığı dinin gereklerini yerine getirme, inansa bile o gerekleri yerine getirmeme veya hiçbir dine mensup olmama özgürlüğüne sahiptir.
Seküler devletlerde dinî bayramlar inançlı kişilerin isteği dahilinde resmî tatil olarak ilan edilebilir.[1]
Köken ve pratiği
Laiklik, bir devletin kurulmasıyla (örneğin, Sovyetler Birliği, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Hindistan) veya daha sonra sekülerleşmesiyle (örneğin, Fransa veya Nepal) tesis edilebilir. Fransa'da laiklik hareketleri ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kilise ile devletin ayrılması, modern laiklik kavramlarını tanımlamıştır; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri hem Batı hem de dünya tarihinde açıkça seküler olan ilk ulus olmuştur.[2] Tarihsel olarak, sekülerleşme süreci tipik olarak din özgürlüğü vermeyi, devlet dinlerini ortadan kaldırmayı, bir din için kamu fonlarının kullanılmasını durdurmayı, hukuk sistemini dini kontrolden kurtarmayı, eğitim sistemini özgürleştirmeyi, dini değiştiren veya dinden uzak duran vatandaşları hoş görmeyi ve dini inançlarına bakılmaksızın siyasi liderliğin iktidara gelmesine izin vermek olmuştur.[3]
Günümüzdeki seküler devletler
Afrika
Angola[4]
Benin[5]
Botsvana[6]
Burkina Faso[7]
Burundi[8]
Kamerun[9]
Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti[10]
Çad[11]
Fildişi Sahili[12]
Kongo DC[13]
Kongo Cumhuriyeti[14]
Gabon[15]
Ekvator Ginesi[16]
Eritre[17]
Esvatini[18]
Etiyopya[19]- Gabon[20]
Gambiya[21]
Gana[22]
Gine[23]
Gine-Bissau[24]
Kenya[25]
Lesotho[26]
Liberya[27]
Madagaskar[28]
Malavi[29]
Mali[30]
Mozambik[31]
Namibya[32]
Nijer[33]
Nijerya[34]
Ruanda[35]
São Tomé ve Príncipe[36]
Senegal[37]
Sierra Leone[38]
Güney Afrika[39]
Güney Sudan[40]
Sudan[41]
Tanzanya[42]
Togo[43]
Uganda[44]
Zimbabve[45]
Amerika
Antigua ve Barbuda [46]
Arjantin [47]
Bahamalar[48]
Barbados [49]
Belize [50]
Bolivya[51]
Brezilya [52]
Kanada [53]
Şili [54]
Kolombiya[55]
Küba[56]
Dominika [57]
Dominik Cumhuriyeti[58]
Ekvador[59]
El Salvador [60]
Grenada [61]
Guatemala [62]
Guyana[63]
Haiti [64]
Honduras[65]
Jamaika [66]
Meksika [67]
Nikaragua[68]
Paraguay [69]
Panama [70]
Peru[71]
Saint Kitts ve Nevis [72]
Saint Lucia [73]
Saint Vincent ve Grenadinler [74]
Surinam [75]
Trinidad ve Tobago [76]
ABD[77]
Uruguay [78]
Venezuela [79]
Asya
Avrupa
Arnavutluk[97]
Andorra[98]
Avusturya[99]
Belarus[100]
Belçika[101]
Bosna-Hersek[102]
Bulgaristan[103]
Hırvatistan[104]
Çekya[105]
Estonya[106]
Finlandiya[107]
Fransa[108]
Almanya[109]
Macaristan[110]
İtalya[111]
Kosova[112][a]
Letonya[113]
Litvanya[114]
Lüksemburg
Moldova[115]
Hollanda[116]
Polonya[117]
Portekiz[118]
Romanya[119]
Sırbistan[120]
Slovakya[121]
Slovenya[122]
İspanya[123]
İsveç[124]
İsviçre[125]
Ukrayna[126]
Okyanusya
Kıtalararası ülkeler
Eskiden laik olan devletler
Amerika Konfedere Devletleri (1861–1865)[146][147]
Bangladeş (1972–1977)
Afganistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (1980–1987)
- Sovyetler Birliği işgali sırasında seküler olan ülkede 1987 yılında İslam yeniden resmi din oldu.
Kampuçya Halk Cumhuriyeti (1979-1993)
Irak (1932–1993)
- Irak 1932 yılında seküler olarak kuruldu. Saddam Hüseyin liderliğindeki Baas Partisi liderliğinde yürütülen inanç kampanyası doğrultusunda 1993 yılından itibaren devlet ve toplumda İslam dini etkili olmaya başladı. [149]
Myanmar (1885–1961; 1962–2008)
- Britanya Birmanyası döneminde sosyalist hükümet yönetiinde seküler olan ülkede rejim değişikliğiyle birlikte resmi din Budizm oldu.
Samoa (1962–2017)
- 2017 yılında anayasaya devletin dininin Hristiyanlık olduğu eklendi. [150]
Ayrıca bakınız
Kaynakça
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Kaynak hatası: <ref> "lower-alpha" adında grup ana etiketi bulunuyor, ancak <references group="lower-alpha"/> etiketinin karşılığı bulunamadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)