Kullanıcı:Mukaddime/Bilim kadınları (20. yüzyıl öncesi)
Orijinal liste: en:List of female scientists before the 20th century
Diğer bilim kadınları listeleri için:
İlk Çağ[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Abrotelia (5th BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece
- Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
- Aesara of Lucania (4th or 3rd BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece
- Agamede (12th century BCE), physician in Ancient Greece (possibly mythical)
- Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), the first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
- Agnodike (4th century BCE), the first woman physician to practice legally in Athens[1]:2
- Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician[2]:39
- Amyte (300 BCE), Greek physician and poet[2]:40
- Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), natural and moral philosopher, North Africa
- Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
- Asclepigenia (4th AD), Greek Neoplatonist[2]:55
- Aspasia (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist
- Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
- Axiothea of Phlius (fl. c. 350 BCE), Greek philosopher[2]:62
- Beronice (1st AD), Roman philosopher[2]:118
- Caerellia (c. 45 BCE), Roman academician[2]:219
- Clea (1st-2nd century AD), philosopher[2]:267
- Cleachma (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher[2]:267–68
- Cleopatra the Alchemist - wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"[3]:99[4]
- Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
- Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece (sources vary as to her historicity; possibly a fictionalized character based on Aspasia of Miletus)
- Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]:396
- Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]:397
- Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
- Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
- Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
- Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician[2]:436
- Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
- Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt[1]:137
- Laïs, midwife[2]:735[5]
- Lastheneia of Mantinea (5th century BCE), student of Plato
- Leontium (3rd BCE), Greek philosopher
- Leoparda (4th century AD), gynecologist
- Macrina (4th century AD), Greek physician and nun[2]:828
- Marcella (4th century AD), Roman healer[2]:841
- Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist[3]:128
- Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
- Merit Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), Egyptian physician
- Metrodora (c. 200–400 AD), Greek physician and author
- Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
- Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
- Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician[2]:957
- Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife[2]:962
- Origenia (2nd century AD), Greek healer[2]:965
- Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egiptian alchemist[2]:978
- Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer[2]:990
- Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
- Peseshet Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
- Pulcheria (5th century AD), healer[2]:1059
- Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
- Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
- Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician[2]:1217–18
- Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process[6]
- Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
- Thelka, Iranian[2]:1278
- Theosebeia (4th century AD), healer[2]:1278
Middle Ages[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Abella (11th century), Italian physician[7]
- Adelle of the Saracens (12th-century), Italian physician
- Adelmota of Carrara (14th-century), Italian physician
- Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th-century), Muslim nurse
- Maesta Antonia (1386-1408), Florentine physician[7]
- Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313-1325), French physician[7]
- Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon[7]
- Zulema L'Astròloga (1190-after 1229), Moorish astronomer
- Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th-century), Italian-Jewish physician[7]
- Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher[1]:126
- Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes[7]
- Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon[7]
- Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician[8]
- Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
- Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine[7]
- Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye[9][10]
- Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1276), Jewish-Sicilian physician[7]
- Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician[7]
- Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon[7]
- Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician[7]
- Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
- Fava (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician[7]
- Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
- Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th-century), Catalan physician [11]
- Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon[7]
- Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[7]
- Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician[7]
- Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[7]
- Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher[7]
- Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
- Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician[9][10]
- Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
- Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon[10]
- Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician[7]
- Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician[7]
- Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician[7]
- Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician[7]
- Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon[7]
- Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician[10]
- Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main[7]
- Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon[9]
- Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician[7]
- Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon[7]
- Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician[7]
- Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
- Perette Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon[7]
- Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
- Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician[7]
- Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician[7]
- Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
- Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician[7]
- Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon[7]
- Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon[7]
- Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician[7]
- Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon[7]
- Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon[7]
- Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician[7]
16th century[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Sophia Brahe (1556–1643), Danish astronomer and chemist
- Isabella Cortese (fl. 1561), Italian alchemist
- Loredana Marcello (died 1572), Venetian botanist
- Tarquinia Molza (1542–1617), Italian natural philosopher
- Catherine de Parthenay (1554–1631), French mathematician
- Elinor Sneshell (fl. 1593), surgeon
- Caterina Vitale (1566-1619), Maltese pharmacist and chemist[12]
- Tan Yunxian (1461–1554), Chinese physician
17th century[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist
- Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher
- Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work
- Martine Bertereau (1600-fl.1642), French mineralogist
- Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist
- Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher
- Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician
- Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet
- Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher
- Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician
- Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer
- Jeanne Dumée (1660-1706), French astronomer
- Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer
- Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer
- Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist
- Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer
- Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist[1]:206
- Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist
- Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
- Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher
- Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician
- Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician
- Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist
- Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist
18th century[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
.jpg)
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician[1]:1
- Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville (1720–1805), French anatomist
- Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (1751–1827), German astronomer
- Maria Angela Ardinghelli (1728–1825), Italian mathematician and physicist
- Sarah Sophia Banks (1744–1818), British natural history collector
- Giuseppa Barbapiccola (c. 1702–1740), natural philosopher, translator
- Laura Bassi (1711–1778), Italian physicist[1]:20
- Marie Marguerite Bihéron (1719–1795), French anatomist
- Celia Grillo Borromeo (1684–1777), Italian natural philosopher
- Jacoba van den Brande (1735–1794), Dutch founder of first all-female science academy
- Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808), Swedish inventor
- Margaret Bryan (c. 1760–1815), British natural philosopher
- Elsa Beata Bunge (1734–1819), Swedish botanist
- María Andrea Casamayor (1700–1780), Spanish mathematician
- Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749), French mathematician and physicist[1]:52
- Maria Medina Coeli (1764–1846), Italian physician.
- Jane Colden (1724–1766), American biologist
- Rosalie de Constant (1758-1834), Swiss naturalist.
- Angélique du Coudray (1712–1794), French midwife
- Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
- Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), Swedish agronomist
- Dorothea Erxleben (1715–1762), German physician
- Charlotta Frölich (1698–1770), Swedish agronomist and historian
- Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794), British chemist
- Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788), Italian physician
- Sophie Germain (1776–1831), elasticity theory, number theory[1]:105
- Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi (1760–1830), Italian botanist
- Catherine Littlefield Greene (1755–1814), American inventor
- Salomée Halpir (1718-fl. 1763), Lithuanian oculist
- Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), German-British astronomer[1]:124
- Catherine Jérémie (1664-1744), French-Canadian botanist
- Christine Kirch (1696–1782), German astronomer
- Margaretha Kirch (1703–1744), German astronomer
- Maria Margarethe Kirch (1670–1720), German astronomer[1]:157
- Marie Lachapelle (1769–1821), French midwife
- Marie-Jeanne de Lalande (1760–1832), French astronomer
- Marie Paulze Lavoisier (1758–1836), French chemist and illustrator
- Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1792), French astronomer
- Elisabeth Christina von Linné (1743–1782), Swedish botanist
- Martha Daniell Logan (1704–1779), American horticulturalist
- Eliza Lucas (1722–1793), American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer
- Maria Lullin (1750–1831), Swiss entomologist
- Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791), British social scientist
- Anna Morandi Manzolini (1716–1774), Italian physician and anatomist
- Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1750–1826), French naturalist
- Sybilla Masters (1675–1720), patent for a corn mill
- Lady Anne Monson (1726–1776), English botanist
- Maria Petraccini (1759–1791), Italian anatomist and physician
- Zaffira Peretti (fl. 1780), Italian anatomist and physician
- Louise du Pierry (1746–1807), French astronomer
- Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon (1724–1767), French mathematician
- Faustina Pignatelli (1705-1785), Italian physicist
- Anna Barbara Reinhart (1730–1796), Swiss mathematician
- Cristina Roccati (1732–1797), Italian physics teacher
- Clotilde Tambroni (1758–1817), Italian philologist and linguistic
- Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (1723–1786), Dutch scientist
- Wang Zhenyi (1768–1797), Chinese astronomer
19th century[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
Anthropology[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist
- Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
- Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
- Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist
- Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
- Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
- Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist
Archeology[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist
- Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist
- Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist
Astronomy[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
- Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer[1]:47
- Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
- Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer
- Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), Scottish/American astronomer[1]:89
- Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
- Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer[1]:170
- Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
- Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer[1]:195
- Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer[1]:209
- Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer
- Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
- Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist[13]
- Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
- Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer
Biology or natural history[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist
- Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
- Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
- Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian[1]:9
- Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist
- Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
- Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist
- Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
- Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist
- Albertina Carlsson (1848-1930), Swedish zoologist
- Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
- Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
- Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
- Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist
- Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist
- Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer
- Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
- Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist[1]:77
- Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
- Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist
- Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist
- Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799-1879), Italian botanist
- Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist
- Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist
- Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist
- Marian E. Hubbard (1868-1956), American zoologist
- Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist
- Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist
- Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist
- Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist
- Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist[1]:135
- Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist
- Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist
- Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), Botanist
- Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
- Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist
- Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist
- Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologyst
- Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist
- Helen Abbott Michael (1857-1904), American botanist and chemist
- Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
- Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist
- Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist
- Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
- Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
- Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
- Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
- Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
- Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic
- Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
- Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado
- Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist
- Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist
- Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
- Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist
- Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist[1]:284
- Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist
- Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist
- Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
- Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist
- Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
- Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist
- Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist
- Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms
Chemistry[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Vera Popova (1868–1897), Russian chemist[14]:64
- Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom[14]:59–60
- Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
- Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry[15]
- Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist[14]:61–64
- Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist [14]:57–58
- Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist [14]:55–56
- Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist
- Helen Abbott Michael (1857-1904), American botanist and chemist
- Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist
- Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
- Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
- Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
- Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
- Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
- Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist[1]:254[14]:51–54
- Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
- Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist
Engineers[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer
- Lanying Lin (1918–2003), Chinese materials science
Geology[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist[1]:18
- Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
- Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist
- Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist
- Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist
- Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator
- Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
- Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist
Inventors[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor
- Ellen Eglin (1849-fl. 1890), inventor
- Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
- Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor
- Huang Lü (d. 1829), Chinese optic inventor
Mathematics[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)[1]:162
- Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician[1]:180
- Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician
- Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
- Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician
Microbiology[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist
Medicine[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician [1]:7
- Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician
- Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
- Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
- Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
- Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician [1]:31
- Emily Blackwell (1826–1910 ), American physician
- Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics
- Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana
- Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
- Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
- Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
- Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
- Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon
- Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
- Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber
- Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician
- Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
- Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
- Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician
- Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
- Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist
- Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist
- Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician
- Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist
- Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist
- Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
- Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
- Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852-1925), Dutch gynecologist
- Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
- Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
- Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist
Nuclear physics[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist
Physics[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist[1]:14
- Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
- Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
- Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath[1]:280
Psychology[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
- Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist[1]:167
- Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
Science education[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
- Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
- Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
- Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor
Sociology[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist
- Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist
Notes[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Yount 2007
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century (İngilizce). Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
- ^ a b Ogilvie 1986
- ^ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. ss. 19–24.
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81-84. Irby-Massie , 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
- ^ Gabriele Kass-Simon, Patricia Farnes, Deborah Nash, (Ed.) (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book bas.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. s. 301. ISBN 9780253208132. Kaynak kaldırılmış
|editors=parametresini kullanıyor (yardım) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800
- ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. s. 346. ISBN 0415920388.
- ^ a b c Walsh 1911
- ^ a b c d Howard 2006
- ^ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra»
- ^ Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". Malta: Women, History, Books and Places (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). ss. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. 10 October 2016 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi.
- ^ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
- ^ a b c d e f Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
- ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.
References[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
- Byers, Nina. "Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics". UCLA. 1 August 2013 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 24 October 2013.
- Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9.
- Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762.
- Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7.
- Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. bas.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
- Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963422.
- Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277.
- Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434.
- Walsh, James J. (2014). "VIII. Medieval Women Physicians". Old-Time Makers of Medicine The Students and Teachers of Medicine During the Middle Ages. Auckland: The Floating Press. ss. 150–169. ISBN 9781776530236.
- Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. bas.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950.[kaynak güvenilir mi?]