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Sayfanın 13.59, 1 Haziran 2021 tarihindeki hâli

Ana madde: Kıtlık
İrlanda Büyük Kıtlıkının kurbanlarının tasviri, 1845-1849
Tarihteki küresel kıtlıklar

Bu madde dünya tarihinde bilinen kıtlıkların listesidir.

Tarih Olay Konum Ölüm Sayısı
M.Ö. 2200-2100 4.2 binyıl olayı dünya çapında kıtlıklara ve medeniyetlerin çöküşüne neden oldu Küresel
M.Ö. 441 Antik Roma'da kaydedilen ilk kıtlık. Antik Roma[1]
M.Ö. 26 Josephus tarafından kaydedilen, Yakın Doğu ve Levant boyunca kıtlık Yahudiye &0000000000020000.00000020.000+
370 Frigya'da kıtlık Frigya
372–373 Edessa'da kıtlık Edessa
400–800 Batı Avrupa'daki çeşitli kıtlıklar, Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Çöküşü ve I. Alarik tarafından yapılar yağmalarla ilişkilendirildi. 400 ile 800 arasında, Roma şehrinin nüfusu, kıtlık ve veba nedeniyle, %90 düştü.[2] Batı Avrupa
470 Kıtlık Galya
535–536 535–536 arasındaki aşırı sert hava olayları Küresel
585 Kıtlık Galya
639 Ömer bin Hattab halifeliği döneminde Arabistan'da kıtlık[3] Arap Yarımadası
750s Endülüs[4]
779 Kıtlık Frank Krallığı
792–793 Kıtlık Frank Krallığı
800–1000 Şiddetli kuraklık, kıtlık ve susuzluk nedeniyle milyonlarca Maya insanı öldü ve medeniyetleri yok eden bir dizi iç çöküş yaşandı.[5] Mezoamerika'daki Maya alanları &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000+
805–806 Kıtlık Frank Krallığı
875–884 Çin'de kıtlık nedeniyle köylü isyanı çıktı, Huang Chao başkenti ele geçirdi ve kendini imparator ilan etti.[6][7] Çin
927–928 Dört aylık donun neden olduğu bir kıtlık[8][9] Bizans İmparatorluğu
963–969 Kıtlık Mısır
1005–1006 Avrupa[10]
1016 Avrupa genelinde kıtlık[11] Avrupa
1025 Kıtlık Mısır
1051 Kıtlık, Toltekleri göç etmeye zorladı[12] Meksika (günümüzde)
1055–1056 Kıtlık Mısır
1064–1072 Mısır'da yedi yıllık kıtlık [13][14] Mısır &0000000000040000.00000040.000[13]
1069–1070 Kuzey Seferi (1069) İngiltere &0000000000100000.000000100.000
1097 Kıtlık ve veba [15] Fransa &0000000000100000.000000100.000
1124–1126 Kıtlık Avrupa
1143–1147 Kıtlık Avrupa
1150–1151 Kıtlık Avrupa
1161–1162 Kıylık Akitanya
1181 Yōwa kıtlığı Japonya &0000000000042300.00000042.300
1196–1197 Kıtlık Avrupa
1199–1202 Kıtlık Mısır &0000000000100000.000000100.000
1224–1226 Kıtlık Avrupa
1230 Famine in the Republic of Novgorod[kaynak belirtilmeli] Rusya
1230–1231 The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[16] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[17] Japonya &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000
1235 Famine in England[18] İngiltere &0000000000020000.00000020.000 in London
1256–1258 Famine in Italy, Spain, Portugal and England[19] Avrupa
1264 Famine Mısır
1275–1277 Famine[20] İtalya
1275–1299 Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[21] ABD (present day)
1285–1286 Famine[20] İtalya
1294 Famine Mısır
1302–1303 Famine in Spain and Italy[20] Avrupa
1304 Famine Fransa
1305 Famine Fransa
1310 Famine Fransa
1315–1317 Great Famine of 1315–1317 Avrupa[22] &0000000007500000.0000007.500.000
1321 Famine İngiltere
1328–1330 Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[20] Avrupa
1330–1333 Famine Fransa
1333–1337 Chinese famine of 1333–1337 Çin[23] 6,000,000
1339–1340 Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[20] Avrupa
1344–1345 Famine in India, under the regime of Muhammad bin Tughluq[kaynak belirtilmeli] Hindistan
1346–1347 Famine in France, Italy and Spain[20] Avrupa
1349–1351 Famine Fransa
1351 Famine İngiltere
1358–1360 Famine Fransa
1369 Famine İngiltere
1371 Famine Fransa
1374–1375 Famine in France, Italy and Spain[20] Avrupa
1374–1375 Famine Mısır
1387 After Timur the Lame left Asia Minor, severe famine ensued[kaynak belirtilmeli] Anadolu
1390–1391 Famine Fransa
1394–1396 Famine Mısır
1396–1407 The Durga Devi famine Hindistan[24][11]
1403–1404 Famine Mısır
1432–1434 The Hungry Years Çekya (günümüzde)
1437–1438 Famine in France, Holy Roman Empire, and Britain Avrupa
1441 Famine in Mayapan Meksika[25]
1450–1454 Famine in the Aztec Empire,[26] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[27] Meksika (günümüzde)
1460–1461 Kanshō famine in Japan[kaynak belirtilmeli] Japonya &0000000000082000.00000082.000
1472–1474 Famine[28] İtalya
1476 Famine[28] İtalya
1482–1484 Famine[28] Italy
1493 Famine[28] Italy
1502–1505 Famine[28] Italy
1504 Spain[29]
1518 Venice[kaynak belirtilmeli] Italy (present day)
1521–1523 Famine in the Low Countries, Ireland and the Nordic Countries Europe
1527–1530 Famine[28] Italy
1528 Famine in Languedoc France[30]
1533–1534 Famine[28] Italy
1535 Famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia
1539–1540 Famine[28] Italy
1540 Tenbun famine [ja] Japan
1544–1545 Famine[28] Italy
1550–1552 Famine[28] Italy
1558–1560 Famine[28] Italy
1567–1570 Famine in Harar, combined with plague[kaynak belirtilmeli]. Emir of Harar died. Ethiopia
1569–1574 Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Low Countries, Nordic Countries, Russia and mostly east off Ukraine[28] Europe
1585–1587 Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Low Countries, Britain and Ireland[28] Europe
1590–1598 Pan-European famine, including Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Britain and the Nordic countries[28] Europe
1600–1601 Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy[31] Italy
1601–1603 One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of Tsar Godunov's subjects killed; see Russian famine of 1601–03.[32][33] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population. Russia &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000
1607–1608 Famine[28] Italy
1618–1648 Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' War Europe
1618–1622 Famine[28] Italy
1619 Famine in Japan. During the Tokugawa period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[34] Japan
1628–1632 Famine[28] Italy
1630–1632 Deccan Famine of 1630–32 India &0000000007400000.0000007.400.000
1630–1631 Famine in north-west China China
1640–1643 Kan'ei Great Famine Japan &0000000000050000.00000050.000-&0000000000100000.000000100.000
1648–1649 Famine[28] Italy
1648–1660 Poland lost an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague[kaynak belirtilmeli] Poland
1649 Famine in northern England [35] England
1650–1652 Famine in the east of France [36] France
1651–1653 Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[37] Ireland
1661 Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[38][11] India
1670s – 1680s Plague and famines in Spain[kaynak belirtilmeli] Spain
1670–1671 Kyungshin Famine Korea
1672 Famine in southern Italy[31] Italy
1678–1679 Famine[28] Italy
1680 Famine in Sardinia[39] Italy (present day) &0000000000080000.00000080.000[40]
1680s Famine in Sahel[36] West Africa
1690s Famine throughout Scotland which killed 5–15% of the population [41] Scotland &0000000000060000.00000060.000–&0000000000180000.000000180.000
1693–1694 Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French died in the fr:grande famine de 1693-1694 France &0000000001300000.0000001.300.000[42][43]
1693–1695 Famine[28] Italy
1695–1697 Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead) The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time &0000000000150000.000000150.000–&0000000000175000.000000175.000[kaynak belirtilmeli]
1696–1697 Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[44] Finland, then part of Sweden proper &0000000000150000.000000150.000
1702–1704 Famine in Deccan [45] India &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000[45]
1708–1711 Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population[46] East Prussia &0000000000250000.000000250.000
1709 Famine[28] Italy
1709–1710 The fr:Grande famine de 1709 France[47] &0000000000600000.000000600.000
1716 Famine[28] Italy
1722 Arabia[48]
1724 Famine[28] Italy
1727–1728 Famine in the English Midlands[49] England
1732–1733 Kyōhō famine Japan &0000000000012172.00000012.172–&0000000000169000.000000169.000[50]
1738–1756 Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[51] West Africa
1740–1741 Irish Famine (1740–41) Ireland 300,000–480,000
1750–1756 Famine in the Senegambia region [52] Senegal, Gambia (present day)
1764 Famine in Naples[53][28] Italy (present day)
1767 Famine[28] Italy
1769–1773 Great Bengal famine of 1770,[11] 10 million dead (one third of population) India, Bangladesh (present day) &0000000010000000.00000010.000.000
1770–1771 Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands people Czech Republic (present day) &0000000000100000.000000100.000+
1771–1772 Famine in Saxony and southern Germany[kaynak belirtilmeli] Germany
1773 Famine in Sweden[54] Sweden
1779 Famine in Rabat Morocco[55]
1780s Great Tenmei famine Japan &0000000000020000.00000020.000 – &0000000000920000.000000920.000
1783 Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[56] Iceland
1783–1784 Chalisa famine India &0000000011000000.00000011.000.000[57]
1784 Widespread famine throughout Egypt[58] Egypt
1784–1785 Famine in Tunisia[kaynak belirtilmeli] Tunisia
1788 The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[59] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[60][61] France
1789 Famine in Ethiopia afflicted "amhara/tigray north" Ethiopia
1789–1793 Doji bara famine or Skull famine India &0000000011000000.00000011.000.000
1801 Famine[28] Italy
1804–1872, 1913 A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia Poland, Ukraine (present day) &0000000000400000.000000400.000-&0000000000550000.000000550.000
1810, 1811, 1846, and 1849 Four famines in China China &0000000045000000.00000045.000.000[62]
1811–1812 Famine devastated Madrid[63] Spain &0000000000020000.00000020.000[64]
1815 Eruption of Tambora, Indonesia. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine Indonesia &0000000000010000.00000010.000
1816–1817 Year Without a Summer Europe &0000000000065000.00000065.000
1830–1833 Claimed to have killed 42% of the population Cape Verde &0000000000030000.00000030.000[65]
1832–1833 Guntur famine of 1832 India &İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri..İfade hatası: Tanınmayan "," noktalama karakteri.150,000
1833–1837 Tenpo famine Japan
1837–1838 Agra famine of 1837–38 India &0000000000800000.000000800.000
1845–1857 Highland Potato Famine Scotland
1845–1849 Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 1 million people. Between 1.5–2 million people forced to emigrate[66] Ireland &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000
1846 Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal[kaynak belirtilmeli] Portugal
1849–1850 Demak and Grobogan in Central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. Indonesia &0000000000083000.00000083.000[67]
1850–1873 As a result of the Taiping Rebellion, drought, and famine, the population of China dropped by more than 60 million[68] China &0000000060000000.00000060.000.000
1860–1861 Upper Doab famine of 1860–61 India &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000
1863–1867 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde &0000000000030000.00000030.000[65]
1866 Orissa famine of 1866 India &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000[69]
1866–1868 Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died Finland &0000000000150000.000000150.000+
1866–1868 Famine in French Algeria French Algeria &0000000000820000.000000820.000
1867–1869 Swedish famine of 1867–1869. Sweden
1869 Rajputana famine of 1869 India &0000000001500000.0000001.500.000[69]
1870–1872 Persian famine of 1870–1872 Iran &0000000000200000.000000200.000-&0000000003000000.0000003.000.000 Estimates vary [70]
1873–1874 Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[71][72] Turkey (present day)
1873–1874 Bihar famine of 1873–74 India
1876–1879 Famine in India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). Famine in northern China killed 9–13 million people.[73] 5.5 million died in the Great Famine of 1876–78 in India. 500,000 died in Brazil. British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India.[74][75] The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[76] In Brazil, Grande Seca killed probably more than 400.000 people. India, China, Brazil, Northern Africa (and other countries). &0000000015000000.00000015.000.000–&0000000019000000.00000019.000.000 in Northern China, India and Brazil.
1878–1880 St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska[77] United States &0000000000001000.0000001.000
1879 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. Ireland
1888–1889 Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar India &0000000000150000.000000150.000
1888–1892 Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[78][79] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). Ethiopia &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000
1891–1892 Russian famine of 1891–92. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. Russia &0000000000375000.000000375.000–&0000000000500000.000000500.000[80][81]
1895–1898 Famine during the Cuban War of Independence Cuba &0000000000200000.000000200.000–&0000000000300000.000000300.000
1896–1897 Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer Rebellion China
1896–1902 Indian famine of 1896–97 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies.[75][82][83] India &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states
1900–1903 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde &0000000000011000.00000011.000–&0000000000020000.00000020.000[65]
1904–1906 Famine in Spain.[84][85][86] Spain
1907, 1911 Famines in east-central China China &0000000025000000.00000025.000.000 [87]
1914–1918 Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by an Entente powers and Ottoman Turk blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[88] Lebanon &0000000000200000.000000200.000
1914–1919 Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.[89] Germany &0000000000763000.000000763.000
1917 Famine in German East Africa German East Africa &0000000000300000.000000300.000
1917–1919 Persian famine of 1917–1919 Iran &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000,[90] but estimates range as high as &0000000010000000.00000010.000.000[91]
1918–1919 Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)[kaynak belirtilmeli]
1919–1922 Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population Turkestan [92]
1920–1921 Famine in northern China China &0000000000500000.000000500.000
1920–1922 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde &0000000000024000.00000024.000–&0000000000025000.00000025.000[65]
1921 Russian famine of 1921 Russia &0000000005000000.0000005.000.000[93]
1921–1922 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan Russia &0000000000500000.000000500.000–&0000000002000000.0000002.000.000[94]
1924–1925 Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[95][kaynak güvenilir mi?] Russia
1924–1925 Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain Irish Free State [kaynak belirtilmeli]
1928–1929 Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day)
1928–1930 Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in million of deaths China &0000000003000000.0000003.000.000-&0000000010000000.00000010.000.000
1930–1931 Famine Madagascar &0000000000032000.00000032.000
1932–1933 Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, caused by deliberate Soviet collectivization of scarce food resources.[96] Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR &0000000007000000.0000007.000.000[97]
1936 Famine in China China &0000000005000000.0000005.000.000[98]
1940–1943 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde &0000000000020000.00000020.000[65]
1940–1945 Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis). Occupied Poland
1940–1948 Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France.[99] Morocco &0000000000200000.000000200.000
1941–1944 Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About one million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[100] Russia &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000
1941–1944 Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[101][102] Greece &0000000000300000.000000300.000
1942–1943 Chinese famine of 1942–43 Henan, China &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000–&0000000003000000.0000003.000.000
1942–1943 Iranian famine of 1942–1943 Iran &0000000003000000.0000003.000.000[103]Şablon:Better source needed
1943 Bengal famine of 1943 Bengal, India &0000000002100000.0000002.100.000
1943–1944 Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo Rwanda and Burundi (present day) &0000000000036000.00000036.000–&0000000000050000.00000050.000
1943–1945 Famine in Hadhramaut Yemen (present day) &0000000000010000.00000010.000[104][105]
1944–1945 Java under Japanese occupation Java, Indonesia &0000000002400000.0000002.400.000[106]
1944 Dutch famine of 1944 during World War II Netherlands &0000000000020000.00000020.000
1945 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Vietnam &0000000000400000.000000400.000–&0000000002000000.0000002.000.000[kaynak belirtilmeli]
1946-1947 German "Hungerwinter" Germany
1946–1947 Soviet Famine of 1947 Soviet Union &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000–&0000000001500000.0000001.500.000[107][108]
1946–1948 Famine in Cape Verde Cape Verde &0000000000030000.00000030.000[65]
1949 Nyasaland Famine 1949 Malawi &0000000000000200.000000200
1950 1950 Canadian caribou famine Canada &0000000000000060.00000060
1958 Famine in Tigray Ethiopia &0000000000100000.000000100.000
1959–1961 The Great Chinese Famine, which is widely regarded as the greatest famine in human history.[109][110][111] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962. China (mainland) &0000000015000000.00000015.000.000–&0000000055000000.00000055.000.000[110][112][113]
1966–1967 Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade Indonesia &0000000000050000.00000050.000[114]
1967–1970 Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockade Nigeria &0000000002000000.0000002.000.000
1968–1972 Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[115] Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso &0000000001000000.0000001.000.000 [kaynak belirtilmeli]
1972–1973 Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule Ethiopia &0000000000060000.00000060.000[116]
1974 Bangladesh famine of 1974 Bangladesh &0000000000027000.00000027.000-&0000000001500000.0000001.500.000 [kaynak belirtilmeli]
1975–1979 Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famine Cambodia &0000000000500000.000000500.000[117]
1980–1981 Caused by drought and conflict[116] Uganda &0000000000030000.00000030.000[116]
1982–1985 Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil War Mozambique &0000000000100000.000000100.000
1983–1985 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia Ethiopia &0000000000400000.000000400.000–&0000000000600000.000000600.000[118]
1984–1985 Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan &0000000000240000.000000240.000
1988 Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil War Sudan &0000000000100000.000000100.000
1991–1992 Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[116] Somalia &0000000000300000.000000300.000[116]
1992-1997 Cuban "Special Period" caused by the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe Cuba
1993 1993 Sudan famine Sudan
1994–1998 North Korean famine.[119][120] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[121] North Korea &0000000000200000.000000200.000–&0000000003500000.0000003.500.000
1998 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought Sudan &0000000000070000.00000070.000[116]
1998–2000 Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War Ethiopia
1998–2004 Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease Democratic Republic of the Congo &0000000002700000.0000002.700.000
2003–2005 Famine during the War in Darfur Sudan &0000000000200000.000000200.000
2005–2006 2005–06 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa [kaynak belirtilmeli] Niger and West Africa
2011–2012 Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[122] Somalia &0000000000285000.000000285.000
2012 Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[123] Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso
2016–present Famine in Yemen, arising from the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia Yemen &0000000000085000.00000085.000 children[124] Unknown number of adults.
2017–present Famine in South Sudan[125] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somalian drought. Famine in Nigeria South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Livy, From the Founding of the City 4.12
  2. ^ Dave Stutz. "A Brief History of Population". Stutzfamily.com. Erişim tarihi: 2014-08-13. 
  3. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789382573470. 
  4. ^ Thomas F. Glick. "Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages". Libro.uca.edu. Erişim tarihi: 2014-08-13. 
  5. ^ Gill, Richardson Benedict (2001-04-01). The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. ISBN 978-0826327741. 
  6. ^ Embree, A. Encyclopedia of Asian history – Volume 2 p. 82: "rebellion between 875 and 884 that devastated almost all of China except the modern province … caused by famine conditions, oppressive taxation,
  7. ^ Orient/West – Volume 7. p. 104": The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant-supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire. The rebellion, brought under control in 884, hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and … The rebellion was aided by drought, famine"
  8. ^ Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A history of the Byzantine state and society. Stanford University Press. s. 480. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6. 
  9. ^ Kazhdan, Aleksandr Petrovich; Wharton, Annabel Jane (1985). Change in Byzantine culture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. University of California Press. s. 27. ISBN 978-0-520-05129-4. 
  10. ^ [1] Mayıs 27, 2011[Tarih uyuşmuyor], tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  11. ^ a b c d  Chisholm, Hugh, (Ed.) (1911). "Famine". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11. bas.). Cambridge University Press. s. 167. 
  12. ^ [2] Mayıs 9, 2009[Tarih uyuşmuyor], tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  13. ^ a b Davis, L. "Natural Disasters". p. 120
  14. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica – Volume 9. p. 64
  15. ^ "FAEC – FEARFUL FAMINES OF THE PAST". 
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