Kulak (rün)

Anglosakson runları'nın Ear ᛠ runesi, alfabeye geç eklenen bir yazıdır. Bununla birlikte, epigrafik kanıtlardan, özellikle Thames scramasax'tan hala onaylanmıştır ve bu nedenle tanıtımı, 9. yüzyıldan sonraya tarihlenemez.

Harf çevirisi

Ea olarak çevrilmiştir ve Anglo-Sakson rune şiiri onu şu şekilde parlatır:

ᛠ [kulak] byþ egle eorla gehƿylcun, / ðonn[e] fæstlice flæsc onginneþ, / hraƿ colian, hrusan ceosan / blac gebeddan; bleda gedreosaş, / ƿynna geƿitaş, ƿera gesƿicaş.

"ᛠ [kulak] her şövalye için korkunçtur, / ceset hızla soğumaya başladığında / ve karanlık dünyanın bağrına konduğunda. / Refah azalır, mutluluk geçer / ve antlaşmalar bozulur."

Jacob Grimm'in yorumu

Jacob Grimm, 1835 tarihli Cermen Mitolojisinde (bölüm 9) isme daha derin bir anlam yükledi. Eski İngiliz şiirini, ölüm getiren savaş tanrısı Ares ile bağlantılı "kişileştirilmiş ölüm" olarak yorumluyor. Kulak runesinin, kendisine iki diken eklenmiş bir Tyr runesi olduğunu belirtiyor ve Tir ve Ear, Eski Yüksek Almanca Zio ve Eor'un aynı tanrının iki adı olduğunu öne sürüyor. Adı, Westphalia'daki Eresburg'un (*Eresberc) yer adlarında, Latince Mons martis'te bulur. Böylece Grimm, Almanların Yunan Ares adını savaş tanrılarının bir sıfatı olarak benimsediğini ve Eresberc'in kelimenin tam anlamıyla bir Areopagus olduğunu öne sürüyor. Grimm ayrıca Bavyera (Marcomannic) bölgesinde Salı gününün (Martis ölür) aynı günün Ziestag olduğu Swabian ve İsviçre (Alemannic) bölgesinin aksine Anglo-Sakson'da olduğu gibi Ertag, Iertag, Irtag, Eritag, Erchtag, Erichtag olarak bilindiğini not eder. Grimm, Ziu'nun Yunanca Ares'ten türetilen alternatif Eor adıyla ve ayrıca Saxnot olarak bilindiği sonucuna varır. Saksonlar arasında bir kılıç tanrısı olarak tanımlanır.^[1]

Popüler kültürde

Klasik çiftlik oyunu Stardew Valley'de Yoba adı verilen bir inanç sembolünü temsil eder.

Kaynakça

^ Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie (1935), trans. Stallybrass (1888), chapter 9 14 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.: "As Zio is identical with Zeus as directors of wars, we see at a glance that Eor, Er, Ear, is one withAres the son of Zeus; and as the Germans had given the rank of Zeus to their Wuotan, Týr and consequently Eor appears as the son of the highest god. [...] Ares itself is used abstractly by the Greeks for destruction, murder, pestilence, just as our Wuotan is for furor and belli impetus, and the Latin Mars for bellum, exitus pugnae, furor bellicus [...] we may fairly bring in the Goth. haírus, AS. heor, OS. heru, ON. hiörr sword, ensis, cardo, although the names of the rune and the day of the week always appear without the aspirate. For in Greek we already have the two unaspirated words Ares and Aor, sword, weapon, to compare with one another, and these point to a god of the sword. Then again the famous Abrenuntiatio names three heathen gods, Thunar, Wôden, Saxnôt, of whom the third can have been but little inferior to the other two in power and holiness. Sahsnôt is word for word gladii consors, ensifer [...] I think we may also bring in the Gallic war-god Hesus or Esus (Lucan 1, 440), and state, that the metal iron is indicated by the planetary sign of Mars, the AS. tîres tâcen, and consequently that the rune of Zio and Eor may be the picture of a sword with its handle, or of a spear. The Scythian and Alanic legends dwell still more emphatically on the god's sword, and their agreement with Teutonic ways of thinking may safely be assumed, as Mars was equally prominent in the faith of the Scythians and that of the Goths. The impressive personification of the sword matches well with that of the hammer, and to my thinking each confirms the other. Both idea and name of two of the greatest gods pass over into the instrument by which they display their might."

[1] Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie (1935), trans. Stallybrass (1888), chapter 9 14 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.: "As Zio is identical with Zeus as directors of wars, we see at a glance that Eor, Er, Ear, is one withAres the son of Zeus; and as the Germans had given the rank of Zeus to their Wuotan, Týr and consequently Eor appears as the son of the highest god. [...] Ares itself is used abstractly by the Greeks for destruction, murder, pestilence, just as our Wuotan is for furor and belli impetus, and the Latin Mars for bellum, exitus pugnae, furor bellicus [...] we may fairly bring in the Goth. haírus, AS. heor, OS. heru, ON. hiörr sword, ensis, cardo, although the names of the rune and the day of the week always appear without the aspirate. For in Greek we already have the two unaspirated words Ares and Aor, sword, weapon, to compare with one another, and these point to a god of the sword. Then again the famous Abrenuntiatio names three heathen gods, Thunar, Wôden, Saxnôt, of whom the third can have been but little inferior to the other two in power and holiness. Sahsnôt is word for word gladii consors, ensifer [...] I think we may also bring in the Gallic war-god Hesus or Esus (Lucan 1, 440), and state, that the metal iron is indicated by the planetary sign of Mars, the AS. tîres tâcen, and consequently that the rune of Zio and Eor may be the picture of a sword with its handle, or of a spear. The Scythian and Alanic legends dwell still more emphatically on the god's sword, and their agreement with Teutonic ways of thinking may safely be assumed, as Mars was equally prominent in the faith of the Scythians and that of the Goths. The impressive personification of the sword matches well with that of the hammer, and to my thinking each confirms the other. Both idea and name of two of the greatest gods pass over into the instrument by which they display their might."

[1]