Viverravidae sayfasının kaynağını görüntüle

{{karıştırma|Viverridae}}
{{Otomatik taksonkutu
| taks_üst_sayısı = 2
| resim = Ictidopappus mustelinus.jpg
| resim_altyazı = [[Ictidopappus mustelinus]]'un alt çenesi
| takson = Viverravidae
| üst_sıralama = {{Küçük büyük harfler|Wortman & Matthew 1899}}
| sıralama = {{Harvnb|Wortman|Matthew|1899}}<ref>{{Akademik dergi kaynağı |soyadı1=Wortman |ad1=J. L. |soyadı2=Matthew |ad2=W. D. |yazarbağı2=William Diller Matthew |başlık=The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae |yıl=1899 |dergi=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |cilt=12 |sayfalar=109-138|oclc=46687698 |hdl=2246/1535}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Wortman|Matthew|1899}} --></ref>
| altbölüm_sıra = [[Cins]]ler
| altbölüm = <center>[[#Sınıflandırma|Metne bakınız.]]</center>
| sinonimler = ;'''Familyanın sinonimleri:'''
:Didymictida {{küçük|(Kretzoi, 1945)}}
:Didymictidae {{küçük|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}}
:Quercygalidae {{küçük|(Kretzoi, 1945)}}
:Viverravidea
:Viverravinae {{küçük|(Matthew, 1909)}}
| en_erken = Paleosen
| en_son = Eosen
| en_eski_fosil = 63.3
| en_genç_fosil = Orta Eosen
| fosil_kaynak = <ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40992&is_real_user=1 | başlık = Viverravidae | erişimtarihi = 21 Ağustos 2021 | çalışma = paleobiodb.org | arşivengelli = evet |arşivurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20210821140508/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40992&is_real_user=1 |arşivtarihi= 21 Ağustos 2021 | ölüurl = hayır }}</ref>
}}
'''Viverravidae''' ("[[misk kedisi]] ataları"), [[Kuzey Amerika]], [[Avrupa]] ve [[Asya|Asya'da]] [[Paleosen|erken Paleosen'den]] geç [[Eosen|Eosen'e]] kadar yaşayan, [[Carnivoramorpha]] kladı içinde soyu tükenmiş Viverravoidea üst familyasından [[Soy tükenmesi|soyu tükenmiş bir]] monofiletik memeli ailesidir. Bir zamanlar en eski etoburlar ve mevcut etoburların ataları oldukları düşünülür, ancak şimdi mevcut etoburların bir akrabası (bir plesion grubu) [[Morfoloji (biyoloji)|olarak kraniyal morfolojiye]] dayalı olarak [[Etçiller|Carnivora]] takımının dışına yerleştirilirler.<ref name="Polly">{{Akademik dergi kaynağı|url=http://mypage.iu.edu/~pdpolly/Papers/Polly%20et%20al,%202006,%20Viverravus.pdf|başlık=Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)|yazarlar=Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde|sayı=5|sayfalar=1019-1027|çalışma=Palaeontology|yıl=2006|cilt=49|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x|erişimtarihi=8 Temmuz 2021|arşivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524193602/http://mypage.iu.edu/~pdpolly/Papers/Polly%20et%20al,%202006,%20Viverravus.pdf|arşivtarihi=24 Mayıs 2011|ölüurl=hayır}}</ref><ref>{{Akademik dergi kaynağı|başlık=Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora|yazarlar=Wesley-Hunt|sayfalar=1-28|çalışma=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|yıl=2005|cilt=3|doi=10.1017/S1477201904001518}}</ref>

== Genel özellikleri ==
Wang ve Tedford, Viverravidlerin, 66-60 milyon yıl önce Kuzey Amerika'da ortaya çıktıklarını, Asya'ya ve daha sonra Avrupa'ya yayıldıklarını, ilk etçiller olduklarını ve ilk gerçek karnaval dişlerine sahip olduklarını öne sürüyorlar.<ref name="wang2008">Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008) "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." New York: [[Columbia University Press]]</ref> Viverravidlerde kafatası uzar ve azı dişlerinin sayısı ikiye düşürülür (M1/m1 ve M2/m2 bulunur ve M3/m3 yoktur).

== Sınıflandırma ve filogeni ==

=== Sınıflandırma ===
[[Paleobiyoloji Veritabanı]]'ndan alınan taksonomi:<ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40992 | başlık = Fossilworks: Viverravidae | erişimtarihi = 8 Temmuz 2021 | çalışma = fossilworks.org | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306191033/http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40992 | arşivtarihi = 6 Mart 2016}}</ref>

* Üst Aile: † '''Viverravoidea''' <small>(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)</small>
** Aile: † '''Viverravidae''' <small>(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)</small>
*** Cins: † ''[[oryantik|Orientictis]]'' <small>(Huang & Zheng, 2005)</small>
**** † ''Orientictis spaios'' <small>(Huang & Zheng, 2005)</small>
*** Cins: † ''[[Pappiktidoplar|Pappictidops]]'' <small>(Qiu & Li, 1977)</small>
**** † ''Pappictidops ases'' <small>(Wang, 1978)</small>
**** † ''Pappictidops obtusus'' <small>(Wang, 1978)</small>
**** † ''Pappictidops orientalis'' <small>(Qiu ve Li, 1977)</small>
*** Cins: † ''[[Variviverra]]'' <small>(Tong & Wang, 2006)</small>
**** † ''Variviverra vegetatus'' <small>(Tong & Wang, 2006)</small>
*** Alt aile: † '''[[Didymictinae]]''' <small>(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[briyanit|Bryanictis]]'' <small>(MacIntyre, 1966)</small>
***** † ''Bryanictis microlestes'' <small>(Simpson, 1935)</small>
***** † ''Bryanictis paulus'' <small>(Meehan ve Wilson, 2002)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Didimitis|Didymictis]]'' <small>(Cope, 1875)</small> <ref name="Zack2012">{{Akademik dergi kaynağı|başlık=Deciduous dentition of ''Didymictis'' (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_2012-06_93_3/page/808|yazarlar=Zack|sayı=3|sayfalar=808-817|çalışma=[[Journal of Mammalogy]]|yıl=2012|cilt=93|issn=0022-2372|doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1}}</ref>
***** † ''Didymictis altidens'' <small>(Cope, 1880)</small>
***** † ''Didymictis dellensis'' <small>(Dorr, 1952)</small>
***** † ''Didymictis leptomylus'' <small>(Kope, 1880)</small>
***** † ''Didymictis protenus'' <small>(Cope, 1874)</small>
***** † ''Didymictis proteini'' <small>(Polly, 1997)</small>
***** † ''Didymictis vancleveae'' <small>(Robinson, 1966)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Intyrictis]]'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>
***** † ''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' <small>(MacIntyre, 1966)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[protik|Protictis]]'' <small>(Matta, 1937)</small>
***** † ''Protictis agastor'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>
***** † ''Protictis haydenianus'' <small>(Cope, 1882)</small>
***** † ''Protictis minor'' <small>(Meehan ve Wilson, 2002)</small>
***** † ''Protictis paralus'' <small>(Holtzman, 1978)</small>
***** † ''Protictis simpsoni'' <small>(Meehan ve Wilson, 2002)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[protiktoitler|Protictoides]]'' <small>(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)</small>
***** † ''Protictoides aprophatos'' <small>(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Raphictis]]'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>
***** † ''Raphictis gausyonu'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>
***** † ''Raphictis iota'' <small>(Scott, 2008)</small>
***** † ''Raphictis machaera'' <small>(Rankin, 2009)</small>
***** † ''Raphictis nanoptexis'' <small>(Rankin, 2009)</small>
*** Alt familya: † '''[[iktidopappus|Ictidopappinae]]''' <small>(Van Valen, 1969)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[iktidopappus|Ictidopappus]]'' <small>(Simpson, 1935)</small>
***** † ''Ictidopappus mustelinus'' <small>(Simpson, 1935)</small>
*** Alt aile: † '''[[Viverravinae]]''' <small>(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Priştine|Pristinictis]]'' <small>(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)</small>
***** † ''Pristinictis connata'' <small>(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Simpsonitis|Simpsonictis]]'' <small>(MacIntyre, 1962)</small>
***** † ''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' <small>(Rigby, 1980)</small>
***** † ''Simpsonictis pegus'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>
***** † ''Simpsonictis tenuis'' <small>(Simpson, 1935)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Viverravus]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus acutus'' <small>(Matthew ve Granger, 1915)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus gracilis'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus lawsoni'' <small>(Hooker, 2010)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus laytoni'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus lutosus'' <small>(Gazin, 1952)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus minutus'' <small>(Wortman, 1901)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus politus'' <small>(Matthew ve Granger, 1915)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus rosei'' <small>(Polly, 1997)</small>
***** † ''Viverravus sicarius'' <small>(Matta, 1909)</small>
**** Cins: † ''[[Viverriskus|Viverriscus]]'' <small>(Beard & Dawson, 2009)</small>
***** † ''Viverriscus omnivorus'' <small>(Beard & Dawson, 2009)</small>

=== Filogeni ===
Viverravidae'nin filogenetik ilişkileri aşağıdaki kladogramda gösterilmiştir:<ref>J. J. Flynn and H. Galiano. (1982.) "Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of ''Protictis'' From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" [[American Museum Novitates]] 2725:1-64</ref><ref>P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler. (1985.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48525/ID378.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming."] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126024821/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48525/ID378.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |tarih=26 Ocak 2021 }} Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128</ref><ref>P. D. Polly. (1997.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48638/ID504.pdf?sequence=2 "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming."] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330055402/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48638/ID504.pdf?sequence=2 |tarih=30 Mart 2021 }} Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53</ref><ref name="McKenna & Bell">Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: ''Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level'' in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. {{page|year=|isbn=0-231-11013-8|pages=}}</ref><ref name="SoléSmith2016">{{Akademik dergi kaynağı |soyadı1=Solé |ad1=Floréal |soyadı2=Smith |ad2=Thierry |soyadı3=De Bast |ad3=Eric |soyadı4=Codrea |ad4=Vlad |soyadı5=Gheerbrant |ad5=Emmanuel |başlık=New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia) |dergi=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |cilt=36 |sayı=2 |yıl=2016 |sayfalar=e1082480|issn=0272-4634 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480|s2cid=87537565 }}</ref><ref>S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/09/05/755207.full.pdf "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores"] {{Webarşiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191125/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/09/05/755207.full.pdf |tarih=9 Temmuz 2021 }} Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE</ref>
{{klad |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;
|label1=&nbsp;'''[[Carnivoramorpha]]'''&nbsp;
|1={{klad
   |thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |thickness4=2
   |1='''[[Carnivoraformes]]''' [[Dosya:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg|50px]]
   |label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
   |2=†Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 31176'')
   |label3=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state3=dotted
   |3=†Carnivoramorpha sp. (''USNM 538395'')
   |label4=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state4=dotted
   |4=†''[[Sinopa insectivorus|"Sinopa" insectivorus]]''
   |label5=&nbsp;†'''Viverravidae'''&nbsp; |sublabel5=&nbsp;''sensu lato''&nbsp;
   |5={{klad
      |thickness1=2 |thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |label1=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state1=dotted
      |1=†''[[Ravenictis]]''
      |label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
      |2=†Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 50993'' & ''UALVP 50994'')
      |label3=&nbsp;†'''Viverravoidea'''&nbsp;
      |3={{klad
         |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†'''Viverravidae'''&nbsp;
         |1={{klad
            |thickness=2
            |1={{klad
               |thickness=2
               |1={{klad
                  |thickness=2
                  |1={{klad
                     |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Variviverra]]''&nbsp;
                     |1=†''Variviverra vegetatus''
                     |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Preonictis]]''&nbsp;
                     |2=†''Preonictis youngi''
                     }}
                  |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Orientictis]]''&nbsp;
                  |2=†''Orientictis spanios''
                  |label3=&nbsp;†''[[Pappictidops]]''&nbsp;
                  |3={{klad
                     |thickness=2
                     |1=†''Pappictidops orientalis''
                     |2={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1=†''Pappictidops acies''
                        |2=†''Pappictidops obtusus''
                        }} }} }}
               |label2=&nbsp;†'''[[Ictidopappus|Ictidopappinae]]'''&nbsp;
               |2={{klad
                  |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Ictidopappus]]''&nbsp;
                  |1=†''Ictidopappus mustelinus''
                  }} }}
            |2={{klad
               |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†'''[[Viverravinae]]'''&nbsp;
               |1={{klad
                  |thickness=2
                  |1={{klad
                     |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Simpsonictis]]''&nbsp;
                     |1={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1={{klad
                           |thickness=2
                           |1=†''Simpsonictis pegus''
                           |2=†''Simpsonictis tenuis''
                           }}
                        |2=†''Simpsonictis'' sp.
                        |3=†''Simpsonictis jaynanneae''
                        }}
                     |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Viverriscus]]''&nbsp;
                     |2=†''Viverriscus omnivorus''
                     }}
                  |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Pristinictis]]''&nbsp; |sublabel2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
                  |2=†''Pristinictis connata''
                  |label3=&nbsp;†''[[Viverravus]]''&nbsp;
                  |3={{klad
                     |thickness=2
                     |1={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1=†''Viverravus gracilis''
                        |2=†''Viverravus lutosus''
                        |3=†''Viverravus minutus''
                        |4=†''Viverravus sicarius''
                        }}
                     |2=†''Viverravus politus''
                     |3=†''Viverravus lawsoni''
                     |4={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1=†''Viverravus laytoni''
                        |2={{klad
                           |thickness=2
                           |1=†''Viverravus acutus''
                           |2=†''Viverravus rosei''
                           }} }} }} }}
               |label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
               |2=†Viverravidae sp. (''CM 71188'' & ''CM 71189'')
               |label3=&nbsp;†'''[[Didymictinae]]'''&nbsp;
               |3={{klad
                  |thickness=2
                  |1={{klad
                     |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Raphictis]]''&nbsp;
                     |1={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1=†''Raphictis gausion''
                        |2=†''Raphictis iota''
                        |3=†''Raphictis machaera''
                        |4=†''Raphictis nanoptexis''
                        |5=†''Raphictis'' sp. (''UALVP 51558'')
                        |6=†''Raphictis'' sp. (''UALVP 8861'')
                        }}
                     |2=†Didymictinae sp. (''UALVP 51560'')
                     }}
                  |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Didymictis]]''&nbsp;
                  |2={{klad
                     |thickness=2
                     |1={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1=†''Didymictis leptomylus''
                        |2=†''Didymictis protenus''
                        }}
                     |2=†''Didymictis vancleveae''
                     |3=†''Didymictis altidens''
                     |4=†''Didymictis'' sp. (''YPM VPPU 024902'')
                     |label5=&nbsp;†'''''Didymictis proteus'''''&nbsp; |sublabel5=&nbsp;''sensu lato''&nbsp;
                     |5={{klad
                        |thickness=2
                        |1=†''Didymictis proteus'' {{küçük|(''sensu stricto'')}}
                        |label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
                        |2=†''Didymictis dellensis''
                        }} }}
                  |label3=&nbsp;†'''''Protictis'''''&nbsp; |sublabel3=&nbsp;''sensu lato''&nbsp;
                  |3={{klad
                     |thickness=2
                     |1={{klad
                        |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Protictis]]''&nbsp; |sublabel1=&nbsp;''sensu stricto''&nbsp;
                        |1={{klad
                           |thickness=2
                           |1={{klad
                              |thickness=2
                              |1=†''Protictis paralus''
                              |2=†''Protictis agastor''
                              }}
                           |2=†''Protictis simpsoni''
                           |3=†''Protictis minor''
                           |4=†''Protictis haydenianus''
                           }}
                        |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Protictoides]]''&nbsp;
                        |2=†''Protictoides  aprophatos''
                        }}
                     |label2=&nbsp;†'''''Bryanictis'''''&nbsp; |sublabel2=&nbsp;''sensu lato''&nbsp;
                     |2={{klad
                        |thickness=2 |label1=&nbsp;†''[[Intyrictis]]''&nbsp;
                        |1=†''Intyrictis vanvaleni''
                        |label2=&nbsp;†''[[Bryanictis]]''&nbsp; |sublabel2=&nbsp;''sensu stricto''&nbsp;
                        |2={{klad
                           |thickness=2
                           |1=†''Bryanictis microlestes''
                           |2=†''Bryanictis paulus''
                           |3=†''Bryanictis'' sp. (Dawson Creek)
                           }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

== Kaynakça ==
{{kaynakça}}
{{Taksonçubuğu|from=Q4889586}}
{{Tarihöncesi memeli-taslak}}

[[Kategori:Tarih öncesi memeliler familyaları]]
[[Kategori:Eosen devri soy tükenmeleri]]
[[Kategori:Carnivoramorpha]]
[[Kategori:Etçillerin evrimi]]
[[Kategori:William Diller Matthew tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar]]
[[Kategori:1899'da tanımlanan fosil taksonları]]
[[Kategori:Viverravidler]]