Multics

Multics ("Multiplexed Information and Computing Service") eskiden kullanılmış aynı anda birkaç işlem yapabilen (time-sharing) işletim sistemi idi. Proje 1964 yılında Cambridge, Massachusetts'de başlamıştır. Son çalışan işletim sistemi ise 30 Ekim 2000'de Kanada Ulusal Savunma Departmanı'nda kullanılmış ve daha sonra kapatılmıştır.

Ek okumalar

The literature contains a large number of papers about Multics, and various components of it; a fairly complete list is available here. The most important and/or informative ones are listed below.

• F. J. Corbató, V. A. Vyssotsky, Introduction and Overview of the Multics System9 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709025836/http://www.multicians.org/fjcc1.html |tarih=9 Temmuz 2011 }} (AFIPS 1965) is a good introduction to the system.
• F. J. Corbató, C. T. Clingen, J. H. Saltzer, Multics — The First Seven Years17 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (AFIPS, 1972) is an excellent review, written after a considerable period of use and improvement over the initial efforts.
• J. J. Donovan, S. Madnick, Operating Systems, is a fundamental read on operating systems.
• J. J. Donovan, Systems Programming, is a good introduction into systems programming and operating systems.

Teknik detaylar

• Jerome H. Saltzer, Introduction to Multics (MIT Project MAC, 1974) is a considerably longer introduction to the system, geared towards actual users.
• Elliott I. Organick, The Multics System: An Examination of Its Structure (MIT Press, 1972) is the standard work on the system, although it documents an early version, and some features described therein never appeared in the actual system.
• V. A. Vyssotsky, F. J. Corbató, R. M. Graham, Structure of the Multics Supervisor16 Ocak 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (AFIPS 1965) describes the basic internal structure of the Multics kernel.
• Jerome H. Saltzer, Traffic Control in a Multiplexed Computer System (MIT Project MAC, June 1966) is the original description of the idea of switching kernel stacks; one of the classic papers of computer science.
• R. C. Daley, P. G. Neumann, A General Purpose File System for Secondary Storage2 Ekim 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002191947/https://www.multicians.org/fjcc4.html |tarih=2 Ekim 2019 }} (AFIPS, 1965) describes the file system, including the access control and backup mechanisms.
• R. J. Feiertag, E. I. Organick, The Multics Input/Output System4 Haziran 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.. Describes the lower levels of the I/O implementation.
• A. Bensoussan, C. T. Clingen, R. C. Daley, The Multics Virtual Memory: Concepts and Design18 Ocak 2010 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118014733/http://www.multicians.org/multics-vm.html |tarih=18 Ocak 2010 }}, (ACM SOSP, 1969) describes the Multics memory system in some detail.
• Paul Green, Multics Virtual Memory - Tutorial and Reflections5 Mart 2001 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305133541/http://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/multics/pg/mvm.html |tarih=5 Mart 2001 }} is a good in-depth look at the Multics storage system.
• Roger R. Schell, Dynamic Reconfiguration in a Modular Computer System (MIT Project MAC, 1971) describes the reconfiguration mechanisms.

Güvenlik

• Paul A. Karger, Roger R. Schell, Multics Security Evaluation: Vulnerability Analysis9 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709024412/http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/history/karg74.pdf |tarih=9 Temmuz 2011 }} (Air Force Electronic Systems Division, 1974) describes the classic attacks on Multics security by a "tiger team".
• Jerome H. Saltzer, Michael D. Schroeder, The Protection of Information in Computer Systems9 Temmuz 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709033025/http://cap-lore.com/CapTheory/ProtInf/ |tarih=9 Temmuz 2011 }} (Proceedings of the IEEE, September 1975) describes the fundamentals behind the first round of security upgrades; another classic paper.
• M. D. Schroeder, D. D. Clark, J. H. Saltzer, D. H. Wells. Final Report of the Multics Kernel Design Project (MIT LCS, 1978) describes the security upgrades added to produce an even more improved version.
• Paul A. Karger, Roger R. Schell, Thirty Years Later: Lessons from the Multics Security Evaluation24 Temmuz 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. (IBM, 2002) is an interesting retrospective which compares actual deployed security in today's hostile environment with what was demonstrated to be possible decades ago. It concludes that Multics offered considerably stronger security than most systems commercially available in 2002.

Dış bağlantılar

• multicians.orgis a comprehensive site with a lot of material
  • Multics papers online30 Ekim 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.{{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030094546/https://www.multicians.org/ |tarih=30 Ekim 2019 }}
  • Multics glossary3 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703005035/http://www.multicians.org/mga.html |tarih=3 Temmuz 2018 }}
  • Myths1 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  • Multics security3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
  • Unix and Multics6 Ağustos 2012 tarihinde WebCite sitesinde arşivlendi {{|url=https://www.webcitation.org/69iMMYfZj?url=http://www.multicians.org/unix.html |tarih=6 Ağustos 2012 }}
  • Multics general info and FAQ12 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512145425/https://www.multicians.org/general.html |tarih=12 Mayıs 2019 }} Includes extensive overview of other software systems influenced by Multics
• Honeywell, Inc., MULTICS records, 1965-1982. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
• Official source code archive at MIT10 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Link page to various Multics information
• Multics repository at Stratus Computer9 Temmuz 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709061147/http://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/multics/multics.html |tarih=9 Temmuz 2008 }}
• Multics at Universitaet Mainz15 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Active project to emulate the Honeywell 6180 Multics CPU3 Şubat 2014 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.
• Various scanned Multics manuals21 Haziran 2011 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. {{|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621053748/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/multics/ |tarih=21 Haziran 2011 }}
• Multicians.org and the History of Operating Systems8 Temmuz 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. A critical review of Multicians.org, plus a capsule history of Multics.