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=== Filogenetik ağaç ===
=== Filogenetik ağaç ===
Carnivoraformes'un [[filogenetik]] ilişkileri aşağıdaki kladogramda gösterilmiştir:<ref name=Bryant2004>Bryant, H.N., and M. Wolson (2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706090739/http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/IPNM.pdf “Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Carnivoran Mammals.”] ''First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting''. Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle</ref><ref name=asdff>{{cite book |author1=John J. Flynn |author2=John A. Finarelli |author3=Michelle Spaulding |year=2010 |chapter=Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations |editor1=Anjali Goswami |editor2=Anthony Friscia |title=Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=25–63 |isbn=9781139193436 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003}}</ref><ref name="Dawsonicyon">{{Cite journal |author1=Michelle Spaulding |author2=John J. Flynn |author3=Richard K. Stucky |year=2010 |title=A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the 'Bridger B' (Black's Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA |journal=Palaeontology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=815–832 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Lycophocyon>{{cite journal |author=Susumu Tomiya |year=2011 |title=A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans |journal=PLOS One |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=e24146 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024146 |pmid=21935380 |pmc=3173397}}</ref><ref name="SoléSmith2014">{{cite journal |last1=Solé |first1=Floréal |last2=Smith |first2=Richard |last3=Coillot |first3=Tiphaine |last4=de Bast |first4=Eric |last5=Smith |first5=Thierry |title=Dental and tarsal anatomy of ''Miacis latouri'' and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=1 |year=2014 |pages=1–21 |issn=0272-4634 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.793195}}</ref><ref name="Wang2015">{{cite journal |first1=Jian |last1=Wang |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhaoqun |year=2015 |title=Phylogenetic analysis on ''Palaeogale'' (Palaeogalidae, Carnivora) based on specimens from Oligocene strata of Saint-Jacques, Nei Mongol |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=310–334 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286134862}}</ref><ref name="SoléSmith2016">{{cite journal |last1=Solé |first1=Floréal |last2=Smith |first2=Thierry |last3=De Bast |first3=Eric |last4=Codrea |first4=Vlad |last5=Gheerbrant |first5=Emmanuel |title=New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=e1082480 |issn=0272-4634 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480}}</ref><ref name="TomiyaTseng2016">{{cite journal |last=Tomiya |first=Susumu |last2=Tseng |first2=Zhijie Jack |title=Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=3 |issue=10 |year=2016 |issn=2054-5703 |doi=10.1098/rsos.160518 |pmid=27853569 |bibcode=2016RSOS....3p0518T |pmc=5098994 |pages=160518}}</ref><ref>Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ede.12219 "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars."] Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.</ref><ref>Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1_1 "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"]</ref>
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%;
|label1=&nbsp;'''[[Carnivoramorpha]]'''&nbsp; |sublabel1=&nbsp;{{small|('''Carnivora''' [''sensu lato''])}}&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |thickness4=2 |thickness5=2 |label1=&nbsp;†'''Viverravidae'''&nbsp; |sublabel1=&nbsp;''sensu lato''&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|thickness2=2 |thickness3=2
|1=†'''[[Viverravidae|Viverravoidea]]'''
|label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
|2=†Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 50993'' & ''UALVP 50994'')
|label3=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state3=dotted
|3=†''[[Ravenictis]]''
}}
|label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
|2=†Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 31176'')
|label3=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state3=dotted
|3=†Carnivoramorpha sp. (''USNM 538395'')
|label4=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state4=dotted
|4=†''[[Sinopa insectivorus|"Sinopa" insectivorus]]''
|label5=&nbsp;'''Carnivoraformes'''&nbsp;
|5={{clade
|thickness=2 |grouplabel1=†'''''Lycarion''/''Neovulpavus'' clade'''
|1={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Neovulpavus]]'' |barbegin1=purple
|label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
|2=†''carnivoraform'' undet. Genus A (''UCMP 110072'') |bar2=purple
|3=†''[[Lycarion]]'' |barend3=purple
}}
|label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
|2=†''carnivoraform'' undet. Genus B (''SDSNH 56335'')
|label3=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state3=dotted
|3=†''[[Ceruttia]]''
|4={{clade
|thickness=2
|1={{clade
|thickness=2 |grouplabel1=†'''''Vulpavus'' clade'''
|1={{clade
|thickness=2
|1={{clade
|thickness=2
|1={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Dormaalocyon]]'' |barbegin1=#B22222
|2=†''[[Miacis exiguus|"Miacis" exiguus]]'' |bar2=#B22222
}}
|2={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Vassacyon]]'' |bar1=#B22222
|2=†''[[Vulpavus]]'' |bar2=#B22222
}} }}
|2=†''[[Miacis deutschi|"Miacis" deutschi]]'' |barend2=#B22222
}}
|grouplabel2=†'''''Uintacyon'' clade'''
|2={{clade
|thickness=2
|1={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Miocyon]]'' |barbegin1=#0F52BA
|2=†''[[Simamphicyon]]'' |bar2=#0F52BA
}}
|2=†''[[Zodiocyon]]'' |bar2=#0F52BA
|3={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Uintacyon]]'' |bar1=#0F52BA
|label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
|2=†''[[Miacis boqinghensis|"Miacis" boqinghensis]]'' |bar2=#0F52BA
|label3=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state3=dotted
|3=†''[[Miacis lushiensis|"Miacis" lushiensis]]'' |bar3=#0F52BA
|label4=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state4=dotted
|4=†''[[Miacis thailandicus|"Miacis" thailandicus]]'' |bar4=#0F52BA
|label5=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state5=dotted
|5=†''[[Miacis invictus|"Miacis" invictus]]'' |barend5=#0F52BA
}} }}
|3=†''[[Miacis]]'' [[File:Miacis restoration.jpg|50px]]
|4=†''carnivoraform'' sp. (''PM 3868'')
|5=†''[[Dawsonicyon]]''
|label6=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state6=dotted
|6=†''[[Africtis]]''
|7=†''[[Miacis petilus|"Miacis" petilus]]''
|8=†''[[Miacis latidens|"Miacis" latidens]]''
|label9=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state9=dotted
|9=†''[[Miacis hookwayi|"Miacis" hookwayi]]''
|grouplabel10=†'''''Gracilocyon''/''Oodectes'' clade'''
|10={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Paroodectes]]'' |barbegin1=green
|2=†''[[Paramiacis]]'' |bar2=green
|3=†''[[Eogale]]'' |bar3=green
|4={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Gracilocyon]]'' |bar1=green
|2=†''[[Oodectes]]'' |barend2=green
}} }} }}
|2={{clade
|thickness=2
|1=†''[[Prodaphaenus]]''
|label2=&nbsp;'''?'''&nbsp; |state2=dotted
|2=†''[[Walshius]]''
|label3=&nbsp;'''[[Carnivora]]'''&nbsp; |sublabel3=&nbsp;''sensu stricto''&nbsp;
|3={{clade
|thickness=2
|1='''[[Feliformia]]''' [[File:Stamp-russia2014-save-russian-cats-(snow_leopard).png|55px]]
|2='''[[Caniformia]]''' [[File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg|50px]]
}} }} }} }} }} }}


== Kaynakça ==
== Kaynakça ==

Sayfanın 21.08, 6 Temmuz 2021 tarihindeki hâli

Carnivoraformes
Yaşadığı dönem aralığı: 63,3-0 myö
Torrejonian-Günümüz 
Modern Carnivoranlar
Biyolojik sınıflandırma Bu sınıflandırmayı düzenle
Âlem: Animalia
Şube: Chordata
Sınıf: Mammalia
(sırasız): Carnivoramorpha
(sırasız): Carnivoraformes
Flynn, 2010[1]
Altgruplar
Metne bakınız.
Tapocyon robustus'un yaşam rekonstrüksiyonu

Carnivoraformes ("etoburların şekli"), modern Carnivora takımını ve soyu tükenmiş kök akrabalarını içeren plasentalı memelilerin bir koludur.

Sınıflandırma ve filogeni

Sınıflandırma

2010'da Flynn, Finarelli & Spaulding, Carnivoraformes'i, Carnivoramorpha'da etçiller ve "miasidler"i içeren ancak diğer carnivoramorfları içermeyen yeni bir klad olarak tanımladı.[2]

Filogenetik ağaç

Carnivoraformes'un filogenetik ilişkileri aşağıdaki kladogramda gösterilmiştir:[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

 Carnivoramorpha 
 †Viverravidae 
 

†Viverravoidea

 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

 
 ? 

†Ravenictis

 
 sensu lato 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

 
 ? 

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

 
 Carnivoraformes 
 
 

†Neovulpavus

 
 ? 

†carnivoraform undet. Genus A (UCMP 110072)

 
 

†Lycarion

 
†Lycarion/Neovulpavus clade
 
 ? 

†carnivoraform undet. Genus B (SDSNH 56335)

 
 ? 

†Ceruttia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Dormaalocyon

 
 

†"Miacis" exiguus

 
 
 
 

†Vassacyon

 
 

†Vulpavus

 
 
 
 

†"Miacis" deutschi

 
†Vulpavus clade
 
 
 
 

†Miocyon

 
 

†Simamphicyon

 
 
 

†Zodiocyon

 
 
 

†Uintacyon

 
 ? 

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

 
 ? 

†"Miacis" lushiensis

 
 ? 

†"Miacis" thailandicus

 
 ? 

†"Miacis" invictus

 
 
†Uintacyon clade
 
 

†Miacis

 
 

†carnivoraform sp. (PM 3868)

 
 

†Dawsonicyon

 
 ? 

†Africtis

 
 

†"Miacis" petilus

 
 

†"Miacis" latidens

 
 ? 

†"Miacis" hookwayi

 
 
 

†Paroodectes

 
 

†Paramiacis

 
 

†Eogale

 
 
 

†Gracilocyon

 
 

†Oodectes

 
 
†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade
 
 
 
 

†Prodaphaenus

 
 ? 

†Walshius

 
 Carnivora 
 

Feliformia

 
 

Caniformia

 
 sensu stricto 
 
 
 
 (Carnivora [sensu lato]) 

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of 'Miacis'latouriand a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1). ss. 1–21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634.  Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2). ss. e1082480. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  2. ^ Carnivoran evolution : new views on phylogeny, form, and function. Anjali Goswami, Anthony Friscia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-511-72938-6. OCLC 669516542. 
  3. ^ Bryant, H.N., and M. Wolson (2004) “Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Carnivoran Mammals.” First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle
  4. ^ John J. Flynn; John A. Finarelli; Michelle Spaulding (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". Anjali Goswami; Anthony Friscia (Ed.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. ss. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436. 
  5. ^ Michelle Spaulding; John J. Flynn; Richard K. Stucky (2010). "A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the 'Bridger B' (Black's Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA". Palaeontology. 53 (4): 815–832. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x.  Geçersiz |doi-access=free (yardım)
  6. ^ Susumu Tomiya (2011). "A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans". PLOS One. 6 (9): e24146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146. PMC 3173397 $2. PMID 21935380. 
  7. ^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  8. ^ Wang, Jian; Zhang, Zhaoqun (2015). "Phylogenetic analysis on Palaeogale (Palaeogalidae, Carnivora) based on specimens from Oligocene strata of Saint-Jacques, Nei Mongol". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53 (4): 310–334. 
  9. ^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  10. ^ Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). "Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....3p0518T. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994 $2. PMID 27853569. 
  11. ^ Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
  12. ^ Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"

 

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