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'''Avlonyalı İsmail Kemal Bey''' ya da '''İsmail Kemali''' ({{IPA|sq|ismaˈil cɛmaːli|lang|Ismail Qemali-enwiki.ogg}}; 24 Ocak 1844 - 26 Ocak 1919)<!-- was an [[Albanian people|Albanian]] diplomat, politician, [[Albanian Renaissance|rilindas]], statesman and the [[List of national founders#Albania|Founding Father]] of modern [[Albania]]. The principal author of the [[Albanian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], he subsequently served as the first [[Prime Minister of Albania|Prime]] and [[Foreign Ministers of Albania|Foreign Minister]] of Albania during the period from 1912 to 1914.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brisku|first=Adrian|date=2020|title=Renegotiating the Empire, Forging the Nation-State: The Albanian Case through the Political Economic Thought of Ismail Qemali, Fan Noli, and Luigj Gurakuqi, c. 1890–1920s|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/renegotiating-the-empire-forging-the-nationstate-the-albanian-case-through-the-political-economic-thought-of-ismail-qemali-fan-noli-and-luigj-gurakuqi-c-18901920s/E9D24BD6D209A847620DE7C0F21FE1D8|journal=Nationalities Papers|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=158–174|doi=10.1017/nps.2018.52|s2cid=211344809|issn=0090-5992}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Giaro | first = Tomasz | title = Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dmrRCdTQBTcC&pg=PA185 | year = 2007 | publisher = Vittorio Klosterman GmbH
'''Avlonyalı İsmail Kemal Bey''' (16 Ocak 1844, [[Avlonya]] - 24 Ocak 1919), [[Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı]] I. dönem [[Berat]] milletvekili, Arnavut lider ve [[Arnavutluk]] devletinin kurucusu.
| location = Frankfurt am Main, Germany | isbn = 978-3-465-04017-0 | page = 185 | chapter = The Albanian legal and constitutional system between the World Wars}}</ref>
Born and raised in [[Vlorë]] into a wealthy [[Tosks|Tosk]] family, Qemali developed an early interest in [[language]]s and mastered [[French language|French]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] in [[Zosimaia School|Ioannina]] and later studied [[law]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref name="Roszkowski and Kofman">{{cite book |author1=Wojciech Roszkowski and Jan Kofman |title=Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Routledge, 2016 |isbn=9781317475941 |pages=448449 |language=en|date=8 July 2016 }}</ref> He travelled across [[Europe]], particularly [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[England]] and [[Italy]], and returned to Albania after the [[Young Turk Revolution]].<ref name="Roszkowski and Kofman"/><ref name="Elsie">{{cite book |author1=Robert Elsie |author-link1=Robert Elsie |title=Historical Dictionary of Albania |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield, 2010 |isbn=9780810861886 |pages=475–476 |language=en|year=2010 }}</ref>
-->
== Hayatı ==
<!--
Ismail Qemali was born on 24 January 1844 into a distinguished and [[noble family|noble]] [[Albanian people|Albanian]] family in the city of [[Vlorë]], then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Elsie"/><ref name="Skendi182183411"/><ref name="Gawrych2324"/>
Well known members of his family include Grand Vizier [[Mehmed Ferid Pasha]] and politician [[Syrja Vlora]]. He completed his primary education at his hometown.<ref name="Skendi182183411">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=182–183, 411.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych2324">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=23–24.}}</ref> Later he attended the Greek high school [[Zosimea]] in [[Janina]] and graduated from Ottoman law school in [[Constantinople|Istanbul]].<ref name="Skendi182183331"/><ref name="Gawrych2693">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=26, 93.}}</ref> Qemali married a Greek woman and sent his children to receive an education in [[Greece]].<ref name="Gawrych9394"/>


During [[World War I]], Ismail Qemali lived in exile in Paris, where, though short of funds, he maintained a wide range of contacts and collaborated with the correspondent of the continental edition of the [[Daily Mail]], Somerville Story, to write his memoirs. His autobiography, published after his death, is the only memoir of a late Ottoman statesman to be written in English and is a unique record of a liberal, multicultural approach to the problems of the dying Empire. In 1918, Ismail Qemali travelled to Italy to promote support for his movement in Albania, but was prevented by the Italian government from leaving Italy and remained as its involuntary guest at a hotel in [[Perugia]], much to his irritation. He died of an apparent heart attack at dinner there one evening. After his death, his body was brought to Vlorë and buried in the local [[Khanqah|Tekke]] ([[Dervish]] [[convent]]) of the [[Bektashi Order]].<ref>Müfid Şemsi Paşa: ''Arnavutluk İttihad ve Terakki'', Ahmed Nezih Galitekin, Constantinople, 1995, p. 209.</ref>
== Hayatı ==
-->
[[Osmanlı İmparatorluğu|Osmanlı Devleti]] [[Balkanlar]]'da güç kaybedince, [[Yunanistan]] ve [[Sırbistan]]'dan sonra Arnavutlar arasında da bölücü hareketler güç kazanmaya başlamıştı. İsmail Kemal, [[Bayram Curri]], [[Priştineli Hasan Bey]] ve [[İsa Bolatin]] gibi beylerin desteği ile 28 Kasım 1912 günü [[Avlonya]] şehrinde Arnavut bayrağı göndere çekilmiş ve Arnavut topraklarının bütünlüğü ilan edildi. Bu bağımsızlık bildirgesinde bağımsızlığın zorunluluk olduğu, yoksa Arnavut topraklarının diğer devletlerce paylaştırılacağı, Balkanlar'daki topraklarını kaybeden Osmanlı Devleti'nden destek gelemeyeceği için bundan başka yol olmadığı belirtilmekteydi.
== Kariyeri ==
<!--
Qemali embarked on a career as an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] civil servant reaching high government positions in European and Asian parts of the empire<ref name="Skendi182183331"/> after he moved to Istanbul in May 1860. He identified with the liberal reform wing of [[Midhat Pasha]], the author of the [[Ottoman constitution of 1876|Ottoman constitution (1876)]] with whom Qemali was a close collaborator,<ref name="Skendi182183331"/> and he became governor of several towns in the [[Balkans|Balkan]]s. During these years he took part in efforts for the standardization of the [[Albanian alphabet]] supporting the use of Latin characters for writing Albanian<ref name="Skendi139">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=139.}}</ref> and the establishment of an Albanian cultural association.


By 1877, Ismail seemed to be on the brink of important functions in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] administration, but when Sultan [[Abdulhamid II]] dismissed Midhat as prime minister, Ismail Qemali was sent into exile in western [[Anatolia]], though the Sultan later recalled him and made him governor of [[Beirut]]. Qemali in 1892 presented the sultan with a plan for a [[Balkan Confederation]].<ref name="Skendi313314"/> It involved an entente between Balkan states and the empire eventually bound by mutual defense and economic development of resources agreements within a unified Great Eastern state with Ottoman Empire as its centre and return of old borders.<ref name="Skendi313314"/> In this framework, Albania like Macedonia was not treated as a separate state but as part of Ottoman state.<ref name="Skendi313314">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=313–314.}}</ref> In time his liberal policy recommendations caused him to fall out of favour with the Sultan again.<ref name="Skendi182183331"/> Qemali was aware that the empire came close to intervention from the Great Powers due to the [[Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)|Armenian crisis of 1895]].<ref name="Hanioglu14"/> Abdulhamid II awarded Qemali the position of governor ([[Vali (governor)|vali]]) of [[Tripoli]], however he viewed the high post as exile.<ref name="Skendi182183331"/>
[[Mithat Paşa]]'nın oğlu Ali Haydar hatıratında; "Avrupa'daki Jön Türklerin arasında İsmail Kemal diye birisi vardı ki bir kelime ile korkunç bir tipti bu adam. Büyük bir kusuru vardı ki, o da, paraya karşı olan zaafıydı. Avusturya ve İtalya devletlerinden tahsisat aldığı gibi, Yunan kralının malumat ve tasdiki altında olarak, İstanbul'da bulunan Prens Mavrokordatos'un marifetiyle kendisine on bin dirhem maaş bağlanmıştı. Üstelik bu maaşı bütün hayatı müddetince alabileceği de kendisine vaat edilmişti. Buna mukabil, İsmail Kemal Bey'in taahhüdü ise, gerek İtalya gerek Yunanistan'a Arnavutlukta birer nüfuz mıntıkası ayrılmasına delalet etmekten ibaretti. Zekâ ve kurnazlığın üzerinde bu zıt menfaatleri senelerce bir arada idare etmeye ve kendi menfaatini hepsinden yüksek tutmağa imkân bulmuştu." demektedir.


=== Exile ===
== Konuyla ilgili yayınlar ==

* ''Menfa-ı ihtiyarı hatıratı'' / Ali Haydar Midhat Bey, 1905
In May 1900 Ismail Qemali boarded the British ambassador's yacht, claimed asylum and conveyed out of the empire where for the next eight years he lived in exile.<ref name="Skendi182183331">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=182–183, 331.}}</ref> Qemali left for [[Athens]] and issued proclamations explaining his abandonment of service to the empire while Ottoman authorities were upset with his flight.<ref name="Skendi182183331"/> His interest toward the Albanian question was limited until these events and Qemali's participation in the Albanian national movement was seen as an asset among Albanian circles who would bring prestige and influence Muslim Albanians to support the cause.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> He also worked to promote constitutional rule in the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> In [[Paris]] he met [[Faik Konitza]] and the two leaders worked together for a short time on Albanian issues through newspaper publications where Qemali called for Albanian unity, economic development, progress and to warn of future dangers of subjugation by Balkan states.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> The pair fell out as Qemali found Konitza difficult to work with while Konitza found his focus of being a politician overwhelming and disapproved of his pro-Greek policy.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> Qemali went on to found the newspaper ''Selamet'' (Salvation) published in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] which called for cooperation between Albanians and Greeks, due to both peoples having the same geopolitical interests.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> Some Albanian activists involved in the national movement considered those views as suspicious and an instrument of Greek policy causing his popularity to wane among Albanians.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/>

At first Qemali made overtures to [[Austria-Hungary]] as the great power to assist Albanians in developing a more unfified national opinion about their futire, founding of more laik Albanian schools and cultivating their language and attaining autonomy.<ref name="Skendi269">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=269.}}</ref> Later, he became close with [[Arbëreshë people|Italo-Albanians]] (Arbëreshë), shifted his leanings toward Italy and supported Italian policy for Albania to counter Austro-Hungarian territorial ambitions in the Balkans.<ref name="Skendi269231232332">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=269, 231–232, 332.}}</ref> The Ottoman government initiated a crackdown of members and sympathisers of the Young Turk movement (CUP) with Qemali's son Mahmud Bey, a Council of State official being dismissed.<ref name="Hanioglu10"/> In Paris, Qemali participated in the [[Young Turks#Congress of Ottoman Opposition|Congress of Ottoman Opposition]] (1902) organised by Prince [[Sultanzade Sabahaddin|Sabahaddin]] and backed his faction calling for reforms, minority rights, revolution and European intervention in the empire.<ref name="Skendi336337"/><ref name="Gawrych145146">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=145–146.}}</ref> The 1902 Congress resulted in no organisations being established in the Balkans and an unknown individual impersonating Qemali travelled to various cities in [[Principality of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and succeeded in duping many Muslims.<ref name="Hanioglu75">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=75.}}</ref> The aftermath of the 1902 Congress did result in the formation of the new central committee with attempts for the creation of a "permanent committee", however Qemali and the Ottoman princes Sabahaddin and Lutfullah failed to get support from the Armenians.<ref name="Hanioglu10"/> Later at a gathering of the permanent members of the new committee at the princes' house Qemali was installed as chairman.<ref name="Hanioglu10">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=10.}}</ref> Control of the official CUP newspaper ''Osmanli'' was given by the old members of the central committee to Prince Sabahaddin and Qemali of the new central committee.<ref name="Hanioglu50">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=50.}}</ref>

[[File:Ismail Qemali (1867).jpg|thumb|right|170px|Portrait of a young Ismail Qemali in 1867.]]
The new committee attempted to get Armenian endorsement through niceties about a lack of ethnic differences while Armenian organisations responded favorably toward figures like Qemali.<ref name="Hanioglu14"/> Due to Qemali's prominent role Albanians were targeted by the new committee through articles published in the newspaper ''Osmanli'' warning of partition by Balkan and Western countries of Albanian inhabited lands within the empire.<ref name="Hanioglu14">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=14.}}</ref> These publications were distributed secretly in Albania through known associates such as Xhemil Vlora (Avlonyalı Cemil) who worked for Qemali.<ref name="Hanioglu1415">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=14–15.}}</ref> Qemali supported the leadership of the Albanian movement such as preparing appeals for Jup Kastrati or creating in [[Paris]] an Albanian Council.<ref name="Hanioglu15"/> Journals supported by Qemali promoted Albanian autonomy, however the new committee failed to win support among Albanians to their side.<ref name="Hanioglu15"/> Qemali along with the Ottoman princes compared themselves to the statesmen of the [[Tanzimat]] reform era.<ref name="Hanioglu15"/> During this time Qemali's positions swung between overthrow of the sultan and increasingly backing the Albanian national movement.<ref name="Skendi336337">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=336–337.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych205">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=205.}}</ref> He corresponded over Albania's future with the Prince of Albanian origins, [[Albert Ghica]] who had designs on becoming an Albanian monarch and with [[Preng Doçi]] about the involvement of Qemali in an administrative role within a future autonomous Albania.<ref name="Skendi330333">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=330–333.}}</ref> Good relations were maintained with Ghica, while [[Dervish Hima]] an Albanian politically involved with the Romanian prince was viewed by Ottoman authorities as a pawn of Qemali.<ref name="Hanioglu15"/>

=== Plot against the sultan ===

Between 1902 and 1903 a coup de detat plot to overthrow Abdulhamid II was devised by the CUP.<ref name="Hanioglu1617"/> Involved were Colonel Shevket Bey and [[Rexhep Pasha Mati]] (Recep Pasha) left in charge of organising the military aspects of the plan along with Qemali and Prince Sabaheddin given the task of getting diplomatic and financial support and to buy two ships for the venture.<ref name="Hanioglu1617">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=16–17.}}</ref> Qemali's task was the most difficult aspect of the plot, he kept a unit in Paris, commenced political activities as a high ranking politician in exile and made many visits to London which annoyed the Ottoman government as they were unable to work out his real aims.<ref name="Hanioglu18">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=18.}}</ref>

[[File:Ismail Qemali (1890).jpg|thumb|left|Ismail Qemali in 1890]]

Ottoman authorities paid close attention and in some cases court martialed people they thought were associated with Qemali in attempts that were unsuccessful to find out his intentions.<ref name="Hanioglu328">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=328.}}</ref> In Paris Qemali established close contacts and good relations with journalists such as [[Stéphane Lauzanne]] and [[William Morton Fullerton]].<ref name="Hanioglu2526">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=25–26.}}</ref> During July 1902, Qemali went to London to get British support for the plot and corresponded with and visited people in the British government such as [[Sir Edmund Monson, 1st Baronet|Edmund Monson]] and [[Thomas Sanderson, 1st Baron Sanderson|Thomas Sanderson]].<ref name="Hanioglu1819">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=18–19.}}</ref> He received responses from the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]], however Qemali exaggerated the level of British support, being only moral support and ambiguous for the venture.<ref name="Hanioglu2324">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=23–24.}}</ref> Qemali's interactions with the British had managed to raise his profile and notability while he also discussed with them the Ottoman exile of his son to [[Bitlis]].<ref name="Hanioglu24"/> The British were aware of the activities of Qemali and his associates.<ref name="Hanioglu24">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=24.}}</ref>

Qemali also corresponded with London-based Ottoman diplomats on the plan like Reşid Sadi who secretly worked for the Young Turks.<ref name="Hanioglu19">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=19.}}</ref> Attempts by Qemali were made to convince [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Lord Cromer]] that the "Turkish question" was a pressing matter and he agreed with those sentiments and promised to reply to the Foreign office.<ref name="Hanioglu20"/> He also secretly met [[Abbas II of Egypt]] in an attempt to secure funds and the khedive placed £4000 in an English bank for the plot, yet later misgivings about Qemali made the Egyptian leader halt funds and fearing scandal he relented.<ref name="Hanioglu20331332">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=20, 331–332.}}</ref> Qemali also sent an Albanian confidant Xhafer Berxhani from Greece to see Rexhep Pasha in Tripoli, [[Ottoman Libya]].<ref name="Hanioglu20"/> [[Eqrem Vlora]], a member of the Vlora family stated that during this time Rexhep Pasha sent £1000 in gold to Qemali and assisted his son Tahir Pasha in exile at Tripoli to escape to Europe.<ref name="Hanioglu331">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=331.}}</ref> At the end of January 1903, Qemali came back to Paris and found the princes grieving the death of their father Damad Mahmud Pasha, yet they all proceeded to London to make financial arrangements for the plot.<ref name="Hanioglu20">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=20.}}</ref> Later Qemali and the princes worked to finalise details of their plan.<ref name="Hanioglu21">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=21.}}</ref> Qemali having the details of tonnage and dimensions left for Athens with £4000 to buy two ships.<ref name="Hanioglu22"/>

While there Qemali was disappointed with the procurement process for the ships and the delay made the central committee members go to Athens.<ref name="Hanioglu22"/> Reşid Sadi arrived and found there was no large ships and that Qemali was residing at the house of an [[aide-de-camp]] to the Greek monarch.<ref name="Hanioglu22"/> Qemali informed Reşid Sadi that he was duped and that in Greece it was difficult to find suitable ships.<ref name="Hanioglu22"/> Later Sabaheddin traveled to see the khedive and failed to procure funds and ships where later he returned to Athens and for the last time met with Qemali, Reşid Sadi and Vasileos Musurus Ghikis.<ref name="Hanioglu22"/> Qemali wanted to travel to [[Naples]] and get ships from there, however the others decided to abandon the plot.<ref name="Hanioglu22">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=22.}}</ref> The failure of the plan was put down to different reasons with Qemali blaming prolonged negotiations about obtaining ships, while Rexhep Pasha viewed Qemali's lukewarm attitude for the venture as reason to change his mind.<ref name="Hanioglu2223">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|pp=22–23.}}</ref> From within Sabaheddin's inner circle the view was that Qemali took the money to profit for his own purposes.<ref name="Hanioglu23"/> Those sentiments were shared by people such as Haydar Midhat who quit the new central committee after he learned that Qemali worked for Greek interests in Albania and was on their payroll.<ref name="Hanioglu23"/> After the 1908 Young Turk revolution some people who opposed the CUP made allegations against Qemali of being uninterested in the plot, worked for his interests and a "crook" that took money from the prince.<ref name="Hanioglu23">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=23.}}</ref> Qemali broke ties with the Young Turks and on 16 August 1903 he gave an interview to an Italian newspaper in his role as an "Albanian patriot" and pursued his new preoccupation with Albania's future.<ref name="Hanioglu26">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=26.}}</ref>

=== Albanian cause ===
[[File:Ismail Kemal Bey Vlora and family (1896).png|thumb|left|Ismail Qemali in a family photo (1896)]]
In January 1907 a secret agreement was signed between Qemali, a leader of the then Albanian national movement and the Greek government which concerned the possibility of an alliance against the Ottoman Empire. There is not much information about the meeting but some sources state that the two sides agreed that the future Greek-Albanian boundary should be located on the Acroceraunian Mountains with no Albanian armed activity in the area in exchange for Greek backing of Albanian independence. This was not accepted by Albanian nationalists and patriots <ref>Kondis, Basil (1976). ''Greece and Albania, 1908-1914''. pp. 33-34.</ref><ref>Pitouli-Kitsou, Hristina (1997). ''[http://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/8349?locale=en Οι Ελληνοαλβανικές Σχέσεις και το βορειοηπειρωτικό ζήτημα κατά περίοδο 1907- 1914]'' (Thesis). National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. p. 168. "Ο Ισμαήλ Κεμάλ υπογράμμιζε ότι για να επιβάλει στη σύσκεψη την άποψη του να μην επεκταθεί το κίνημα τους πέραν της Κάτω Αλβανίας, και ταυτόχρονα για να υποδείξει τον τρόπο δράσης που έπρεπε να ακολουθήσουν οι αρχηγοί σε περίπτωση που θα συμμετείχαν σ' αυτό με δική τους πρωτοβουλία και οι Νότιοι Αλβανοί, θα έπρεπε να αποφασίσει η κυβέρνηση την παροχή έκτακτης βοήθειας και να του κοινοποιήσει τις οριστικές αποφάσεις της για την προώθηση του προγράμματος της συνεννόησης, ώστε να ενισχυθεί το κύρος του μεταξύ των συμπατριωτών του. Ειδικότερα δε ο Ισμαήλ Κεμάλ ζητούσε να χρηματοδοτηθεί ο Μουχαρέμ Ρουσήτ, ώστε να μην οργανώσει κίνημα στην περιοχή, όπου κατοικούσαν οι Τσάμηδες, επειδή σ' αυτήν ήταν ο μόνος ικανός για κάτι τέτοιο. Η ελληνική κυβέρνηση, ενήμερη πλέον για την έκταση που είχε πάρει η επαναστατική δράση στο βιλαέτι Ιωαννίνων, πληροφόρησε τον Κεμάλ αρχικά στις 6 Ιουλίου, ότι ήταν διατεθειμένη να βοηθήσει το αλβανικό κίνημα μόνο προς βορράν των Ακροκεραυνίων, και εφόσον οι επαναστάτες θα επι ζητούσαν την εκπλήρωση εθνικών στόχων, εναρμονισμένων με το πρόγραμμα των εθνοτήτων. Την άποψη αυτή φαινόταν να συμμερίζονται μερικοί επαναστάτες αρχηγοί του Κοσσυφοπεδίου. Αντίθετα, προς νότον των Ακροκεραυνίων, η κυβέρνηση δεν θα αναγνώριζε καμιά αλβανική ενέργεια. Απέκρουε γι' αυτόν το λόγο κάθε συνεννόηση του Κεμάλ με τους Τσάμηδες, δεχόταν όμως να συνεργασθεί αυτός, αν χρειαζόταν, με τους επαναστάτες στηνπεριοχή του Αυλώνα."</ref><ref name="Hanioglu465"/> The CUP severely criticised Qemali for the agreement with the Greeks.<ref name="Hanioglu465">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=465.}}</ref> In [[Rome]] July 1907, Qemali gave a lengthy interview to Italian media where he called for cooperation between Balkan peoples, a "Greco-Albanian entente" and affirmed Albania as having its own language, literature, history and traditions and a right to liberty and independence.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> He was also against Albanian cooperation with [[Bulgarian Macedonians]] and viewed their support of Albanian insurrectionists as self-serving and strengthening their movement due to depletion of Albanian forces.<ref name="Skendi183185331332360"/> Qemali's reasons for closer ties with Greeks during this time was to gain support for Albanian independence and thwart Bulgarian ambitions in the wider Balkans region as he viewed them as a threat to Greece and northern Albania in Macedonia along with Austro-Hungarian territorial ambitions.<ref>Blumi, Isa (2013). ''Ottoman refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a post-imperial world''. A&C Black. p. 82; p. 195. "As late as 1907 Ismail Qemali advocated the creation of “''una liga Greco-Albanese''” in an effort to thwart Bulgarian domination in Macedonia. ASAME Serie P Politica 1891–1916, Busta 665, no.365/108, Consul to Foreign Minister, dated Athens, 26 April 1907."</ref><ref name="Skendi183185331332360">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=183–185, 331–332, 360.}}</ref>

Throughout this time Qemali living abroad was not the leader of the Albanian movement, due to his strong pro-British and pro-Greek position.<ref name="Hanioglu15"/> As an Albanian leader the CUP was hostile toward Qemali and the organisation shunned him due to his secret understanding with the Greeks to partition the western regions of the Balkan provinces of the empire.<ref name="Hanioglu256">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=256.}}</ref> During his lifetime Qemali looked upon [[Greek culture]] with favour and respect, maintained friendly relations with [[Greeks]] and promoted cooperation between them and [[Albanians]].<ref name="Gawrych9394"/> He promoted a diplomatic solution for creating an independent Albania, an approach rejected by some Albanian groups of the era that instead favoured guerilla warfare against the empire.<ref name="Hanioglu15"/> Qemali may have favoured intervention by the Great Powers into Albanian affairs and those were accusations made against him by a minority of opponents.<ref name="Hanioglu15">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=15.}}</ref> Over time however he became an Albanian nationalist and by 1912 would declare the independence of Albania.<ref name="Gawrych9394">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=93–94.}}</ref>

=== Young Turk Revolution and countercoup ===

During the events of the [[Young Turk Revolution]] (1908), rumors of the time had it that Abdul Hamid II as a last resort asked Qemali for assistance and his response was that only the restoration of the [[Ottoman constitution of 1876|1878 Ottoman constitution]] would pacify the Albanians.<ref name="Hanioglu273">{{harvnb|Hanioğlu|2001|p=273.}}</ref> After the 1908 revolution and constitutional restoration Qemali returned from exile and became a deputy representing [[Berat]] in the restored [[Ottoman Parliament]], working with liberal politicians<ref name="Skendi360361">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=360–361.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych155157158181">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=155, 157–158, 181.}}</ref><ref name="Hanioglu67">{{cite book|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Șükrü|title=Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199771110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNdKQfEdyvgC&q=Kemal|pages=6–7}}</ref> and the British. He contributed to the Young Turk (CUP) newspaper ''[[Tanin (newspaper)|Tanin]]'' where Qemali called for government reforms.<ref name="Gawrych185">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=185.}}</ref> Qemali became leader of the Albanian deputies in the Ottoman parliament and did not oppose [[Bosnian crisis|Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia]] adding that recognition of the move should entail security guarantees for the empire in case of war with Balkan states over territory.<ref name="Skendi359">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=359.}}</ref>

During the [[31 March Incident]], the leadership of the Liberals (Ahrar) attempted unsuccessfully to get control over events and stop the rebellion from turning toward a reactionary pro-Hamidian and anti-constitutional course.<ref name="Zurcher202">{{harvnb|Zürcher|2017b|p=202.}}</ref> Qemali, a Liberal (Ahrar) deputy managed to get some parliamentarians to attend parliament, they accepted the requests of the mutineering troops and made an official announcement that the constitution and Sharia law would be kept.<ref name="Zurcher201">{{cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik Jan|chapter=31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?|editor1-last=Lévy-Aksu|editor1-first=Noémi|editor2-last=Georgeon|editor2-first=François|title=The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918|year=2017b|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781786720214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OQzDwAAQBAJ&q=Ismail+Kemal+Bey+%28Vlora%29|pages=201}}</ref> Uninvolved in the events of the initial countercoup Qemali was briefly made President of the Ottoman National Assembly and led it to recognise a new government by Abdul Hamid II.<ref name="Skendi364">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=364.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych168"/> Qemali wired his constituency in [[Vlorë]] telling them to acknowledge the new government and Albanians from his hometown backed him with some raiding the arms depot to support the sultan with weapons if the situation called for it.<ref name="Gawrych168"/> Qemali left the city prior to the CUP Action Army arriving at Istanbul to suppress the rebellion and he fled to [[Greece]].<ref name="Gawrych179"/> A government investigation later cleared Qemali of any wrongdoing.<ref name="Gawrych168">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=168.}}</ref>

== Politics ==

=== Nationalism ===

His political career thereafter concentrated solely on Albanian nationalism. Increasing guerilla activity in Southern Albania led to Qemali coming under suspicion from the Ottoman government during the summer months of 1909.<ref name="Gawrych179">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=179.}}</ref> The Athens embassy of the Ottoman Empire reported that Qemali negotiated with organization financed by wealthy Albanian [[Tosks]] and Greece about forging a union.<ref name="Blumi2013">{{cite book|last=Blumi|first=Isa|title=Ottoman Refugees, 1878-1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|date=12 September 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4725-1538-4|page=84|quote=For example, the Ottoman embassy in Athens reported that Ismail Qemali held negotiations with an organization called Hellenismos, funded by wealthy Tosks and the Greek state. This prominent ex-Ottoman governor apparently was ready to forge a union with the enemy.}}</ref> Qemali returned from Athens to Istanbul after the parliament cleared him from involvement in the counter-revolutionary movement and he became leader of a group of "modern liberals" who were former members of the Ahrar party.<ref name="Skendi400">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=400.}}</ref> In 1910 Qemali in statements to the Austro-Hungarian ambassador criticized the Young Turk government for promoting Turks above other nationalities in the empire and their [[divide and rule]] policies regarding Albanians.<ref name="Skendi402403">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=402–403.}}</ref>

During the [[Albanian Revolt of 1911]] he traveled with Xhemal Bey of Tirana and joined leaders of the revolt at a meeting in Gerče, a village in [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] on 23 June.<ref name="Skendi411416417"/><ref name="Gawrych186187"/> Together they drew up the "[[Greçë Memorandum]]" that called for Albanian autonomy, schooling and language rights, recognition of Albanians, electoral freedoms and liberty, military service in Albania and other measures<ref name="Skendi411416417">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=411, 416–417.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych186187">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=186–187.}}</ref> which addressed their requests both to [[Ottoman Empire]] and Europe (in particular to the Great Britain).<ref>{{Citation |last=Treadway |first=John D |title= The Falcon and Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908–1914|access-date=10 October 2011|year= 1983 |publisher=Purdue University Press |location= West Lafayette, Ind. |isbn= 978-0-911198-65-2 |oclc= 9299144 |page=78|chapter= The Malissori Uprising of 1911 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJUk2cHkDcC&q=%22Malissori+Uprising%22&pg=PA74 }}</ref> In December 1911, Qemali and [[Hasan Prishtina]] convened secret meetings of Albanian political notables in Istanbul that decided to organise a future Albanian uprising.<ref name="Skendi427"/><ref name="Gawrych190">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=190.}}</ref> Qemali was given the task of going to Europe to obtain support from sympathetic governments for the Albanian movement in addition to financial support and funds for buying 15,000 guns.<ref name="Skendi427">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=427.}}</ref><ref name="Gawrych190191">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=190–191.}}</ref> He met with Austro-Hungarian officials in Paris and expressed that his previous misgivings regarding them had shifted, viewed Austria-Hungary as the only defender of Albania and could rely on Albanian support if they backed Albanian geopolitical interests within a strong Ottoman state.<ref name="Skendi438439444445">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|pp=438–439, 444–445.}}</ref> During the [[Albanian revolt of 1912]], Qemali was part of the leadership faction that backed and advocated for Albanian autonomy within the empire during negotiations with the Ottomans.<ref name="Skendi437">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=437.}}</ref>

=== Independence of Albania ===

[[File:28nentor.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Ismail Qemali at the first anniversary of the [[Assembly of Vlorë]] which proclaimed the [[Independent Albania|independence of Albania]] (28 November 1913)]]

The [[Balkan wars]] marked the end of Ottoman rule in the region. In September 1912, Qemali along with [[Luigj Gurakuqi]] traveled to [[Bucharest]] to consult with the [[Albanians of Romania|Albanian community in Romania]].<ref name="Skendi458463"/> Later he departed for Vienna and kept in touch through telegram with Austro-Hungarian officials and supported as a solution their intervention in Albania.<ref name="Skendi458463"/> On 12 November Qemali met with officials from the Austro-Hungarian foreign ministry and they told him of their sympathies for the Albanians and their situation but could not do much due to the continuing war.<ref name="Skendi458463"/> Foreign Minister [[Count Leopold Berchtold]] supported Qemali's views on the Albanian question and placed a boat at his disposal.<ref name="Skendi458463"/> From [[Trieste]], Qemali sailed to [[Durrës]] by mid November, however his stay was short due to Ottoman authorities objecting to his presence with [[Royal Serbian Army|Serb forces]] approaching the city and he left for Vlorë arriving there on 26 November.<ref name="Skendi458463"/><ref name="Gawrych199200">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|pp=199–200.}}</ref> Meanwhile, his son Ethem Bey Vlora had summoned Albanian representatives to Vlorë from all over Albania.<ref name="Gawrych200"/>

Qemali was a principal figure in the secession of Albania from the Ottoman Empire, in the [[Albanian Declaration of Independence]] and the formation of the [[independent Albania]] on 28 November 1912.<ref name="Skendi458463"/><ref name="Gawrych200"/> This signaled the end of more than 400 years of "de juro" Ottoman rule in Albania.<ref name="Gawrych200"/> Together with Gurakuqi, he raised the [[Flag of Albania|flag]] on the balcony of the two-story building in Vlorë where the Declaration of Independence had just been signed. The establishment of the government was postponed for the fourth session of the Assembly of Vlorë, held on 4 December 1912, until representatives of all regions of Albania arrived to Vlorë.<ref>{{Citation |title=Studia Albanica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_8VAQAAMAAJ&q=I.+Essential+Characteristics+of+the+State+%281912+-+1914%29+Albanian+state+started+its+independent+life+through+four+important |volume=36 |year=2004 |publisher=L'Institut |location= Tirana |oclc=1996482 |page=18 |chapter=Essential Characteristics of the State (1912—1914) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=B_8VAQAAMAAJ&q=representative |quote=Essential Characteristics of the State (1912—1914) ... The setting up of the government was postponed until the fourth hearing of the Assembly of Vlora, in order to give time to other delegates from all regions of Albania to arrive.}}</ref><ref name="Skendi458463">{{cite book|last=Skendi|first=Stavro|title=The Albanian national awakening|year=1967|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR15|isbn=9781400847761|pages=458–463}}</ref> The [[Council of Ministers (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Council of Ministers]] opposed his actions preferring Albanian autonomy and requested that Qemali give military assistance to the [[Ottoman Third Army]] trapped in southern Albania.<ref name="Gawrych200"/> Aware of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, Qemali asked the Great Powers to recognise and support an independent Albania.<ref name="Gawrych200">{{cite book|last=Gawrych|first=George|title=The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913|year=2006|location=London|publisher=IB Tauris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&q=Ismail+Kemal|isbn=9781845112875|pages=200}}</ref>

=== Ottoman-Albanian alliance ===

The Ottoman CUP government sought to restore its control over Albania and sent lieutenant colonel [[Bekir Fikri]] in 1913 to raise Albanian support for [[Ahmed Izzet Pasha]], an Ottoman-Albanian officer and CUP member as the candidate for the Albanian throne.<ref name="Clayer705">{{cite book|last=Clayer|first=Nathalie|title=Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe &#91;The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe&#93;|year=2007|location=Paris|publisher=Karthala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umotBF3KFWgC&q=Grebene|pages=705|isbn=9782845868168}}</ref><ref name="Gostentschnigg575"/><ref name="Tutuncu4042"/> Fikri acting as Izzet Pasha's emissary contacted Ismail Qemali and presented him with a plan that envisaged joint Ottoman, Albanian and Bulgarian military action against Greece and Serbia.<ref name="Winnifrith111"/><ref name="Gostentschnigg575"/><ref name="Tutuncu4042">{{harvnb|Tütüncü|2017|pp=40, 42.}}</ref> Albania's reward in the military venture would have been the allocation of [[Kosovo]] and [[Chameria]], areas given to Serbia and Greece by the Conference of Ambassadors.<ref name="Winnifrith111"/> Qemali assured Fikri of his loyalty to Izzet Pasha as monarch of Albania and supported a plan from the CUP government in Istanbul to secretly infiltrate troops and weapons into the country to conduct a guerilla war against Serbian and Greek forces.<ref name="Kiefer320"/><ref name="Tutuncu4142"/> After these negotiations Fikri sent telegrams to Istanbul, and asked the government to send ammunition, weapons and soldiers.<ref name="Tutuncu42"/> The Serbs uncovered the plot and reported the operation to the [[International Control Commission (Albania)|International Control Commission]] (ICC).<ref name="Kiefer320"/><ref name="Tutuncu42">{{harvnb|Tütüncü|2017|p=42.}}</ref> The ICC, an organisation temporarily administering Albania on behalf of the Great Powers allowed their [[International Gendarmerie|Dutch officers]] serving as the Albanian Gendarmerie to declare a state of emergency and stop the plot.<ref name="Kiefer320"/><ref name="Winnifrith111"/><ref name="Tutuncu4142">{{harvnb|Tütüncü|2017|pp=41–42.}}</ref> They raided Vlorë on 7–8 January 1914, discovering more than 200 Ottoman troops and arrested Fikri.<ref name="Kiefer320"/><ref name="Gostentschnigg575">{{cite book|last=Gostentschnigg|first=Kurt|title=Wissenschaft im Spannungsfeld von Politik und Militär: Die österreichisch-ungarische Albanologie 1867-1918|year=2017|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=9783658189112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9FBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA575|pages=575}}</ref><ref name="Tutuncu41"/> During Fikri's trial the plot emerged and an ICC military court under Colonel Willem de Veer condemned him to death<ref name="Tutuncu41">{{harvnb|Tütüncü|2017|p=41.}}</ref> and later commuted to life imprisonment,<ref name="Kiefer320">{{cite book|last=Kiefer|first=Dorothea|title=Entwicklungspolitik in Jugoslawien. Ihre Zielsetzungen, Planungen und Ergebnisse|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg Verlag|isbn=9783486496017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY88AAAAIAAJ|pages=320}}</ref> while Qemali and his cabinet resigned.<ref name="Winnifrith111">{{cite book|last=Winnifrith|first=Tom|title=Perspectives on Albania|year=1992|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349220502|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDywCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|pages=111}}</ref> After Qemali left the country, turmoil ensured throughout Albania.<ref name="Tutuncu43">{{cite journal|last=Tütüncü|first=Mehmet|title=Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey Albay Thomson'a Karşi 1914 Avlonya Olayı &#91;Grebeneli Bekir Fikri Bey against Colonel Thomson: The Case of Vlorë 1914&#93;|url=https://www.academia.edu/34583796|journal=Düşünce Ve Tarih|volume=3|issue=31|year=2017|pages=43}}</ref> Qemali was prime minister of Albania from 1912 to 1914.

=== Government ===
{{main|Provisional Government of Albania}}

*Prime Minister: Ismail Qemali
**General Secretary: [[Qemal Karaosmani]]
*Deputy Prime Minister: Dom [[Nikollë Kaçorri]]
*[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Albania)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]: Ismail Qemali, then [[Myfit Libohova]]
*Minister of Internal Affairs: [[Myfit Libohova]], then [[Essad Pasha Toptani]]
*Minister of War: General [[Mehmet Pashë Dërralla]]
*Minister of Finance: [[Abdi Toptani]]
*Minister of Justice: Dr. [[Petro Poga]]
*Minister of Education: Dr. [[Luigj Gurakuqi]]
*Minister of Public Services: [[Mit’hat Frashëri]]
*Minister of Agriculture: [[Pandeli Cale]], then [[Qemal Karaosmani]]
*Minister of Posts and Telegraphs: [[Lef Nosi]]

== Honours ==

Ismail Qemali is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]]s of the Albanian 200 [[Albanian lek|lekë]] banknote of 1992–1996,<ref>[http://www.bankofalbania.org Bank of Albania]. Currency: [http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Banknotes_withdrawn_from_circulation_5264_2.php Banknotes withdrawn from circulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306135629/http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Banknotes_withdrawn_from_circulation_5264_2.php |date=6 March 2009 }}. – Retrieved 23 March 2009.</ref> and of the 500 lekë banknote issued since 1996.<ref>[http://www.bankofalbania.org Bank of Albania]. Currency: [http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Albanian_banknotes_issue_from_Bank_of_Albania_202_2.php Banknotes in circulation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226154906/http://www.bankofalbania.org/web/Albanian_banknotes_issue_from_Bank_of_Albania_202_2.php |date=26 February 2009 }}. – Retrieved 23 March 2009.</ref> On 27 June 2012, Albanian President, [[Bamir Topi]] decorated Qemali with the Order of the National Flag (Post-mortem).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.al/shqip/info.asp?id=7663|title=Website Zyrtar|first=Presidenti i|last=Republikes|website=www.president.al|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165112/http://president.al/shqip/info.asp/?id=7663|archive-date=22 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-->
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Independence Museum, Vlorë, Albania - 2016-07 03.jpg|Desk and glass cabinet of Ismail Qemali, Independence Museum in Vlorë
File:Shtepia e Ismail Bej Vlora Vlore.jpg|House of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
File:Varri monumental i Ismail Qemalit.jpg|Grave of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
File:Monument of Ismail Qemal Vlora in Tirana.JPG|Monument of Ismail Qemali in Tiranë
File:Busti Ismail Qemal Vlora Vlorë.jpg|Monument of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
File:500 lek obverse.jpg|Ismail Qemali on Albanian [[500 Lekë|500 lekë]] banknote
</gallery>

== Ayrıca bakınız ==
* [[Arnavut millî uyanışı]]
* [[Arnavutluk Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi]]
* [[Osmanlı döneminde Arnavutluk]]


== Kaynakça ==
== Kaynakça ==
;Özel
{{Kaynakça}}
{{Kaynakça}}


;Genel
{{başlangıç kutusu}}
{{Kaynak başı|2}}
* David Barchard, ''The Man Who Made Albania—Ismail Kemal Bey'', Cornucopia Magazine No 34, 2004.
* Ismail Kemal Bey and Sommerville Story, ed. [https://archive.org/details/memoirsofismailk00ismauoft ''The memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey'']. London: Constable and company, 1920. (''The Internet Archive'', full access)
* {{citation|last=Sommerville|first=A.M.|title=Twenty years in Paris with a pen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79akGAAACAAJ|year=1927|publisher=A. Rivers ltd.}}
* {{citation|last=Xoxi|first=Koli|title=Ismail Qemali: jeta dhe vepra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZ24AAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nentori"}}
{{Kaynak sonu}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-off}}
{{sıra kutusu| önce= Yeni makam | başlık= [[Arnavutluk devlet başkanları listesi|Arnavutluk Devlet Başkanı]] | yıllar= 1912–1914 | sonra= [[Wilhelm (Arnavutluk Prensi)|Prens Wilhelm]] }}
{{Sıra kutusu | önce = ''Bağımsızlık ilan edildi''| başlık = [[Arnavutluk devlet başkanları listesi|Arnavutluk Devlet Başkanı]]| yıllar = 1912–1914| sonra = [[Wilhelm (Arnavutluk prensi)|Wilhelm]] prens olarak}}
{{sıra kutusu| önce= Yeni makam | başlık= [[Arnavutluk başbakanları listesi|Arnavutluk Başbakanı]] | yıllar= 1912–1914 | sonra= [[Feyzi Bey Alizoti]] }}
{{Sıra kutusu | önce = ''Bağımsızlık ilan edildi''| başlık = [[Arnavutluk başbakanları listesi|Arnavutluk Başbakanı]] | yıllar = 1912–1914| sonra = [[Fejzi Bej Alizoti]]}}
{{Sıra kutusu | önce = ''Bağımsızlık ilan edildi''| başlık = Arnavutluk Dışişleri Bakanı |yıllar = 1912–1914| sonra = }}
{{bitiş kutusu}}
{{s-end}}


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Sayfanın 07.41, 1 Kasım 2021 tarihindeki hâli

İsmail Kemal
1. Arnavutluk Devlet Başkanı
Görev süresi
29 Kasım 1912 - 22 Ocak 1914
Yerine geldiği Yeni makam
Yerine gelen Prens Wilhelm
1. Arnavutluk Başbakanı
Görev süresi
29 Kasım 1912 - 22 Ocak 1914
Yerine geldiği Yeni makam
Yerine gelen Feyzi Bey Alizoti
1. Arnavutluk Dışişleri Bakanı
Görev süresi
4 Aralık 1912 - Haziran 1913
Yerine geldiği Yeni makam
Yerine gelen Müfit Libohova
Kişisel bilgiler
Doğum İsmail Kemal
16 Ocak 1844(1844-01-16)
Avlonya, Osmanlı Devleti
(bugün Vlorë, Arnavutluk)
Ölüm 24 Ocak 1919 (75 yaşında)
Perugia, İtalya Krallığı
(bugün İtalya)
Dini Bektaşilik
İmzası

Avlonyalı İsmail Kemal Bey ya da İsmail Kemali (Arnavutça telaffuz: [ismaˈil cɛmaːli]; 24 Ocak 1844 - 26 Ocak 1919)

Hayatı

Kariyeri

  • Desk and glass cabinet of Ismail Qemali, Independence Museum in Vlorë
    Desk and glass cabinet of Ismail Qemali, Independence Museum in Vlorë
  • House of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
    House of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
  • Grave of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
    Grave of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
  • Monument of Ismail Qemali in Tiranë
    Monument of Ismail Qemali in Tiranë
  • Monument of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
    Monument of Ismail Qemali in Vlorë
  • Ismail Qemali on Albanian 500 lekë banknote
    Ismail Qemali on Albanian 500 lekë banknote

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Özel
Genel
Siyasi görevi
Önce gelen:
Bağımsızlık ilan edildi 		Arnavutluk Devlet Başkanı
1912–1914 		Sonra gelen:
Wilhelm prens olarak
Önce gelen:
Bağımsızlık ilan edildi 		Arnavutluk Başbakanı
1912–1914 		Sonra gelen:
Fejzi Bej Alizoti
Önce gelen:
Bağımsızlık ilan edildi 		Arnavutluk Dışişleri Bakanı
1912–1914 		Sonra gelen:
Sonra gelen yoktur.
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