Parahoxozoa: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark

Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi
Etkileşimli olarak geçmişe göz at
[kontrol edilmiş revizyon][kontrol edilmiş revizyon]
Sonraki sürümle aradaki fark →
İçerik silindi İçerik eklendi
GörselVikimetin
oluşturma
 
düzenleme
11. satır: 11. satır:
}}
}}


'''ParaHoxozoa''' (veya Parahoxozoa), [[Bilateria]], [[Placozoa]], ve [[Cnidaria]]'dan oluşan bir hayvan [[klad]]ıdır.<ref name=Ryan-2010>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Joseph F. |last2=Pang |first2=Kevin |last3=Mullikin |first3=James C. |last4=Martindale |first4=Mark Q. |last5=Baxevanis |first5=Andreas D. |date=2010-10-04 |title=The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa |journal=EvoDevo |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.1186/2041-9139-1-9 |pmid=20920347 |pmc=2959044 |issn=2041-9139}}</ref> Bu kladın diğer iki hayvan soyu olan [[Ctenophora]] ve [[Porifera]] ile ilişkisi tartışmalıdır. Bazı filogenomik çalışmalar, Ctenophora'nın Parahoxozoa'nın kardeş grubu, Porifera'nın da diğer hayvanlarla kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur . Bazı araştırmalar, Porifera'nın Parahoxozoa'nın ve Ctenophora'nın diğer hayvanların kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn. <ref name="PickPhilippe2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pick|first1=K. S.|last2=Philippe|first2=H.|last3=Schreiber|first3=F.|last4=Erpenbeck|first4=D.|last5=Jackson|first5=D. J.|last6=Wrede|first6=P.|last7=Wiens|first7=M.|last8=Alie|first8=A.|last9=Morgenstern|first9=B.|last10=Manuel|first10=M.|last11=Worheide|first11=G.|title=Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=27|issue=9|year=2010|pages=1983–1987|issn=0737-4038|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq089|pmid=20378579|pmc=2922619}}</ref><ref name="NosenkoSchreiber2013">{{cite journal|last1=Nosenko|first1=Tetyana|last2=Schreiber|first2=Fabian|last3=Adamska|first3=Maja|last4=Adamski|first4=Marcin|last5=Eitel|first5=Michael|last6=Hammel|first6=Jörg|last7=Maldonado|first7=Manuel|last8=Müller|first8=Werner E.G.|last9=Nickel|first9=Michael|last10=Schierwater|first10=Bernd|last11=Vacelet|first11=Jean|last12=Wiens|first12=Matthias|last13=Wörheide|first13=Gert|title=Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=67|issue=1|year=2013|pages=223–233|issn=10557903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010|pmid=23353073}}</ref><ref name="Pisani-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Pisani |first1=Davide |last2=Pett |first2=Walker |last3=Dohrmann |first3=Martin |last4=Feuda |first4=Roberto |last5=Rota-Stabelli |first5=Omar |last6=Philippe |first6=Hervé |last7=Lartillot |first7=Nicolas |last8=Wörheide |first8=Gert |date=15 December 2015 |title=Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=50 |pages=15402–15407 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11215402P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1518127112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4687580 |pmid=26621703}}</ref><ref name=Feuda-2017>{{Cite journal |last1=Feuda |first1=Roberto |last2=Dohrmann |first2=Martin |last3=Pett |first3=Walker |last4=Philippe |first4=Hervé |last5=Rota-Stabelli |first5=Omar |last6=Lartillot |first6=Nicolas |last7=Wörheide |first7=Gert |last8=Pisani |first8=Davide |title=Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals |journal=Current Biology |volume=6 |issue=24 |pages=3864–3870.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 |pmid=29199080 |year=2017}}</ref><ref name=Simio-2017n>{{Cite journal |last1=Simion |first1=Paul |last2=Philippe |first2=Hervé |last3=Baurain |first3=Denis |last4=Jager |first4=Muriel |last5=Richter |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Franco |first6=Arnaud Di |last7=Roure |first7=Béatrice |last8=Satoh |first8=Nori |last9=Quéinnec |first9=Éric |date=3 April 2017 |title=A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=958–967 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031 |pmid=28318975 |s2cid=4560353 |issn=0960-9822 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681528/file/Simion_etal2017_CurrBiol_proofs.pdf |type=Submitted manuscript}}</ref><ref name="LeclèreHorin2019">{{cite journal|last1=Leclère|first1=Lucas|last2=Horin|first2=Coralie|last3=Chevalier|first3=Sandra|last4=Lapébie|first4=Pascal|last5=Dru|first5=Philippe|last6=Peron|first6=Sophie|last7=Jager|first7=Muriel|last8=Condamine|first8=Thomas|last9=Pottin|first9=Karen|last10=Romano|first10=Séverine|last11=Steger|first11=Julia|last12=Sinigaglia|first12=Chiara|last13=Barreau|first13=Carine|last14=Quiroga Artigas|first14=Gonzalo|last15=Ruggiero|first15=Antonella|last16=Fourrage|first16=Cécile|last17=Kraus|first17=Johanna E. M.|last18=Poulain|first18=Julie|last19=Aury|first19=Jean-Marc|last20=Wincker|first20=Patrick|last21=Quéinnec|first21=Eric|last22=Technau|first22=Ulrich|last23=Manuel|first23=Michaël|last24=Momose|first24=Tsuyoshi|last25=Houliston|first25=Evelyn|last26=Copley|first26=Richard R.|title=The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=3|issue=5|year=2019|pages=801–810|issn=2397-334X|doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2|pmid=30858591}}</ref>).
'''ParaHoxozoa''' (veya Parahoxozoa), [[Bilateria]], [[Placozoa]], ve [[Cnidaria]]'dan oluşan bir hayvan [[klad]]ıdır.<ref name=Ryan-2010>{{Cite journal |last1=Ryan |first1=Joseph F. |last2=Pang |first2=Kevin |last3=Mullikin |first3=James C. |last4=Martindale |first4=Mark Q. |last5=Baxevanis |first5=Andreas D. |date=2010-10-04 |title=The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa |journal=EvoDevo |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=9 |doi=10.1186/2041-9139-1-9 |pmid=20920347 |pmc=2959044 |issn=2041-9139}}</ref> Bu kladın diğer iki hayvan soyu olan [[Ctenophora]] ve [[Porifera]] ile ilişkisi tartışmalıdır. Bazı filogenomik çalışmalar, Ctenophora'nın Parahoxozoa'nın kardeş grubu, Porifera'nın da diğer hayvanlarla kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn. <ref name="PickPhilippe2010">{{cite journal|last1=Pick|first1=K. S.|last2=Philippe|first2=H.|last3=Schreiber|first3=F.|last4=Erpenbeck|first4=D.|last5=Jackson|first5=D. J.|last6=Wrede|first6=P.|last7=Wiens|first7=M.|last8=Alie|first8=A.|last9=Morgenstern|first9=B.|last10=Manuel|first10=M.|last11=Worheide|first11=G.|title=Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=27|issue=9|year=2010|pages=1983–1987|issn=0737-4038|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq089|pmid=20378579|pmc=2922619}}</ref><ref name="NosenkoSchreiber2013">{{cite journal|last1=Nosenko|first1=Tetyana|last2=Schreiber|first2=Fabian|last3=Adamska|first3=Maja|last4=Adamski|first4=Marcin|last5=Eitel|first5=Michael|last6=Hammel|first6=Jörg|last7=Maldonado|first7=Manuel|last8=Müller|first8=Werner E.G.|last9=Nickel|first9=Michael|last10=Schierwater|first10=Bernd|last11=Vacelet|first11=Jean|last12=Wiens|first12=Matthias|last13=Wörheide|first13=Gert|title=Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=67|issue=1|year=2013|pages=223–233|issn=10557903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010|pmid=23353073}}</ref><ref name="Pisani-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Pisani |first1=Davide |last2=Pett |first2=Walker |last3=Dohrmann |first3=Martin |last4=Feuda |first4=Roberto |last5=Rota-Stabelli |first5=Omar |last6=Philippe |first6=Hervé |last7=Lartillot |first7=Nicolas |last8=Wörheide |first8=Gert |date=15 December 2015 |title=Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=50 |pages=15402–15407 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11215402P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1518127112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4687580 |pmid=26621703}}</ref><ref name=Feuda-2017>{{Cite journal |last1=Feuda |first1=Roberto |last2=Dohrmann |first2=Martin |last3=Pett |first3=Walker |last4=Philippe |first4=Hervé |last5=Rota-Stabelli |first5=Omar |last6=Lartillot |first6=Nicolas |last7=Wörheide |first7=Gert |last8=Pisani |first8=Davide |title=Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals |journal=Current Biology |volume=6 |issue=24 |pages=3864–3870.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 |pmid=29199080 |year=2017 }}</ref><ref name=Simio-2017n>{{Cite journal |last1=Simion |first1=Paul |last2=Philippe |first2=Hervé |last3=Baurain |first3=Denis |last4=Jager |first4=Muriel |last5=Richter |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Franco |first6=Arnaud Di |last7=Roure |first7=Béatrice |last8=Satoh |first8=Nori |last9=Quéinnec |first9=Éric |date=3 April 2017 |title=A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=958–967 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031 |pmid=28318975 |s2cid=4560353 |issn=0960-9822 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681528/file/Simion_etal2017_CurrBiol_proofs.pdf |type=Submitted manuscript}}</ref><ref name="LeclèreHorin2019">{{cite journal|last1=Leclère|first1=Lucas|last2=Horin|first2=Coralie|last3=Chevalier|first3=Sandra|last4=Lapébie|first4=Pascal|last5=Dru|first5=Philippe|last6=Peron|first6=Sophie|last7=Jager|first7=Muriel|last8=Condamine|first8=Thomas|last9=Pottin|first9=Karen|last10=Romano|first10=Séverine|last11=Steger|first11=Julia|last12=Sinigaglia|first12=Chiara|last13=Barreau|first13=Carine|last14=Quiroga Artigas|first14=Gonzalo|last15=Ruggiero|first15=Antonella|last16=Fourrage|first16=Cécile|last17=Kraus|first17=Johanna E. M.|last18=Poulain|first18=Julie|last19=Aury|first19=Jean-Marc|last20=Wincker|first20=Patrick|last21=Quéinnec|first21=Eric|last22=Technau|first22=Ulrich|last23=Manuel|first23=Michaël|last24=Momose|first24=Tsuyoshi|last25=Houliston|first25=Evelyn|last26=Copley|first26=Richard R.|title=The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=3|issue=5|year=2019|pages=801–810|issn=2397-334X|doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2|pmid=30858591}}</ref>). Bazı araştırmalar, Porifera'nın Parahoxozoa'nın ve Ctenophora'nın diğer hayvanların kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn. <ref name="DunnHejnol2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Casey W.|last2=Hejnol|first2=Andreas|last3=Matus|first3=David Q.|last4=Pang|first4=Kevin|last5=Browne|first5=William E.|last6=Smith|first6=Stephen A.|last7=Seaver|first7=Elaine|last8=Rouse|first8=Greg W.|last9=Obst|first9=Matthias|last10=Edgecombe|first10=Gregory D.|last11=Sørensen|first11=Martin V.|last12=Haddock|first12=Steven H. D.|last13=Schmidt-Rhaesa|first13=Andreas|last14=Okusu|first14=Akiko|last15=Kristensen|first15=Reinhardt Møbjerg|last16=Wheeler|first16=Ward C.|last17=Martindale|first17=Mark Q.|last18=Giribet|first18=Gonzalo|title=Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life|journal=Nature|volume=452|issue=7188|year=2008|pages=745–749|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature06614|pmid=18322464|bibcode=2008Natur.452..745D|s2cid=4397099}}</ref><ref name="HejnolObst2009">{{cite journal|last1=Hejnol|first1=Andreas|last2=Obst|first2=Matthias|last3=Stamatakis|first3=Alexandros|last4=Ott|first4=Michael|last5=Rouse|first5=Greg W.|last6=Edgecombe|first6=Gregory D.|last7=Martinez|first7=Pedro|last8=Baguñà|first8=Jaume|last9=Bailly|first9=Xavier|last10=Jondelius|first10=Ulf|last11=Wiens|first11=Matthias|last12=Müller|first12=Werner E. G.|last13=Seaver|first13=Elaine|last14=Wheeler|first14=Ward C.|last15=Martindale|first15=Mark Q.|last16=Giribet|first16=Gonzalo|last17=Dunn|first17=Casey W.|title=Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=276|issue=1677|year=2009|pages=4261–4270|issn=0962-8452|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0896|pmid=19759036|pmc=2817096}}</ref><ref name="RyanPang2013">{{cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=J. F.|last2=Pang|first2=K.|last3=Schnitzler|first3=C. E.|last4=Nguyen|first4=A.-D.|last5=Moreland|first5=R. T.|last6=Simmons|first6=D. K.|last7=Koch|first7=B. J.|last8=Francis|first8=W. R.|last9=Havlak|first9=P.|last10=Smith|first10=S. A.|last11=Putnam|first11=N. H.|last12=Haddock|first12=S. H. D.|last13=Dunn|first13=C. W.|last14=Wolfsberg|first14=T. G.|last15=Mullikin|first15=J. C.|last16=Martindale|first16=M. Q.|last17=Baxevanis|first17=A. D.|title=The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=6164|year=2013|pages=1242592|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1242592|pmid=24337300|pmc=3920664}}</ref><ref name="MorozKocot2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moroz|first1=Leonid L.|last2=Kocot|first2=Kevin M.|last3=Citarella|first3=Mathew R.|last4=Dosung|first4=Sohn|last5=Norekian|first5=Tigran P.|last6=Povolotskaya|first6=Inna S.|last7=Grigorenko|first7=Anastasia P.|last8=Dailey|first8=Christopher|last9=Berezikov|first9=Eugene|last10=Buckley|first10=Katherine M.|last11=Ptitsyn|first11=Andrey|last12=Reshetov|first12=Denis|last13=Mukherjee|first13=Krishanu|last14=Moroz|first14=Tatiana P.|last15=Bobkova|first15=Yelena|last16=Yu|first16=Fahong|last17=Kapitonov|first17=Vladimir V.|last18=Jurka|first18=Jerzy|last19=Bobkov|first19=Yuri V.|last20=Swore|first20=Joshua J.|last21=Girardo|first21=David O.|last22=Fodor|first22=Alexander|last23=Gusev|first23=Fedor|last24=Sanford|first24=Rachel|last25=Bruders|first25=Rebecca|last26=Kittler|first26=Ellen|last27=Mills|first27=Claudia E.|last28=Rast|first28=Jonathan P.|last29=Derelle|first29=Romain|last30=Solovyev|first30=Victor V.|last31=Kondrashov|first31=Fyodor A.|last32=Swalla|first32=Billie J.|last33=Sweedler|first33=Jonathan V.|last34=Rogaev|first34=Evgeny I.|last35=Halanych|first35=Kenneth M.|last36=Kohn|first36=Andrea B.|title=The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems|journal=Nature|volume=510|issue=7503|year=2014|pages=109–114|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature13400|pmid=24847885|pmc=4337882|bibcode=2014Natur.510..109M}}</ref><ref name="ChangNeuhof2015">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=E. Sally|last2=Neuhof|first2=Moran|last3=Rubinstein|first3=Nimrod D.|last4=Diamant|first4=Arik|last5=Philippe|first5=Hervé|last6=Huchon|first6=Dorothée|last7=Cartwright|first7=Paulyn|title=Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=48|year=2015|pages=14912–14917|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1511468112|pmid=26627241|pmc=4672818|bibcode=2015PNAS..11214912C}}</ref><ref name="WhelanKocot2015">{{cite journal|last1=Whelan|first1=Nathan V.|last2=Kocot|first2=Kevin M.|last3=Moroz|first3=Leonid L.|last4=Halanych|first4=Kenneth M.|title=Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=18|year=2015|pages=5773–5778|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.1503453112|pmid=25902535|pmc=4426464|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.5773W}}</ref><ref name="Torruellade Mendoza2015">{{cite journal|last1=Torruella|first1=Guifré|last2=de Mendoza|first2=Alex|last3=Grau-Bové|first3=Xavier|last4=Antó|first4=Meritxell|last5=Chaplin|first5=Mark A.|last6=del Campo|first6=Javier|last7=Eme|first7=Laura|last8=Pérez-Cordón|first8=Gregorio|last9=Whipps|first9=Christopher M.|last10=Nichols|first10=Krista M.|last11=Paley|first11=Richard|last12=Roger|first12=Andrew J.|last13=Sitjà-Bobadilla|first13=Ariadna|last14=Donachie|first14=Stuart|last15=Ruiz-Trillo|first15=Iñaki|title=Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi|journal=Current Biology|volume=25|issue=18|year=2015|pages=2404–2410|issn=09609822|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053|pmid=26365255}}</ref><ref name="BorowiecLee2015">{{cite journal|last1=Borowiec|first1=Marek L.|last2=Lee|first2=Ernest K.|last3=Chiu|first3=Joanna C.|last4=Plachetzki|first4=David C.|title=Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=16|issue=1|year=2015|page=987|issn=1471-2164|doi=10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4|pmid=26596625|pmc=4657218}}</ref><ref name="ShenHittinger2017">{{cite journal|last1=Shen|first1=Xing-Xing|last2=Hittinger|first2=Chris Todd|last3=Rokas|first3=Antonis|title=Contentious relationships in phylogenomic studies can be driven by a handful of genes|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=1|issue=5|year=2017|page=126|issn=2397-334X|doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0126|pmid=28812701|pmc=5560076}}</ref><ref name="ArcilaOrtí2017">{{cite journal|last1=Arcila|first1=Dahiana|last2=Ortí|first2=Guillermo|last3=Vari|first3=Richard|last4=Armbruster|first4=Jonathan W.|last5=Stiassny|first5=Melanie L. J.|last6=Ko|first6=Kyung D.|last7=Sabaj|first7=Mark H.|last8=Lundberg|first8=John|last9=Revell|first9=Liam J.|last10=Betancur-R.|first10=Ricardo|title=Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=1|issue=2|year=2017|page=20|issn=2397-334X|doi=10.1038/s41559-016-0020|pmid=28812610|s2cid=16535732}}</ref><ref name="WhelanKocot2017">{{cite journal|last1=Whelan|first1=Nathan V.|last2=Kocot|first2=Kevin M.|last3=Moroz|first3=Tatiana P.|last4=Mukherjee|first4=Krishanu|last5=Williams|first5=Peter|last6=Paulay|first6=Gustav|last7=Moroz|first7=Leonid L.|last8=Halanych|first8=Kenneth M.|title=Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=1|issue=11|year=2017|pages=1737–1746|issn=2397-334X|doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3|pmid=28993654|pmc=5664179}}</ref><ref name="PandeyBraun2021">{{cite journal|last1=Pandey|first1=Akanksha|last2=Braun|first2=Edward L.|title=The Roles of Protein Structure, Taxon Sampling, and Model Complexity in Phylogenomics: A Case Study Focused on Early Animal Divergences|journal= Biophysica|volume=1|issue=2|year=2021|pages=87–105|issn=2673-4125|doi=10.3390/biophysica1020008}}</ref><ref name="LaumerFernández2019">{{cite journal|last1=Laumer|first1=Christopher E.|last2=Fernández|first2=Rosa|last3=Lemer|first3=Sarah|last4=Combosch|first4=David|last5=Kocot|first5=Kevin M.|last6=Riesgo|first6=Ana|last7=Andrade|first7=Sónia C. S.|last8=Sterrer|first8=Wolfgang|last9=Sørensen|first9=Martin V.|last10=Giribet|first10=Gonzalo|title=Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=286|issue=1906|year=2019|pages=20190831|issn=0962-8452|doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.0831|pmid=31288696|pmc=6650721}}</ref><ref name="JeonPark2019">{{cite journal|last1=Jeon|first1=Yeonsu|last2=Park|first2=Seung Gu|last3=Lee|first3=Nayun|last4=Weber|first4=Jessica A|last5=Kim|first5=Hui-Su|last6=Hwang|first6=Sung-Jin|last7=Woo|first7=Seonock|last8=Kim|first8=Hak-Min|last9=Bhak|first9=Youngjune|last10=Jeon|first10=Sungwon|last11=Lee|first11=Nayoung|last12=Jo|first12=Yejin|last13=Blazyte|first13=Asta|last14=Ryu|first14=Taewoo|last15=Cho|first15=Yun Sung|last16=Kim|first16=Hyunho|last17=Lee|first17=Jung-Hyun|last18=Yim|first18=Hyung-Soon|last19=Bhak|first19=Jong|last20=Yum|first20=Seungshic|last21=Ochman|first21=Howard|title=The Draft Genome of an Octocoral, Dendronephthya gigantea |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=11|issue=3|year=2019|pages=949–953|issn=1759-6653|doi=10.1093/gbe/evz043|pmid=30825304|pmc=6447388}}</ref><ref name="KimWeber2019">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Hak-Min|last2=Weber|first2=Jessica A.|last3=Lee|first3=Nayoung|last4=Park|first4=Seung Gu|last5=Cho|first5=Yun Sung|last6=Bhak|first6=Youngjune|last7=Lee|first7=Nayun|last8=Jeon|first8=Yeonsu|last9=Jeon|first9=Sungwon|last10=Luria|first10=Victor|last11=Karger|first11=Amir|last12=Kirschner|first12=Marc W.|last13=Jo|first13=Ye Jin|last14=Woo|first14=Seonock|last15=Shin|first15=Kyoungsoon|last16=Chung|first16=Oksung|last17=Ryu|first17=Jae-Chun|last18=Yim|first18=Hyung-Soon|last19=Lee|first19=Jung-Hyun|last20=Edwards|first20=Jeremy S.|last21=Manica|first21=Andrea|last22=Bhak|first22=Jong|last23=Yum|first23=Seungshic|title=The genome of the giant Nomura's jellyfish sheds light on the early evolution of active predation|journal=BMC Biology|volume=17|issue=1|year=2019|page=28|issn=1741-7007|doi=10.1186/s12915-019-0643-7|pmid=30925871|pmc=6441219}}</ref><ref name="ErivesFritzsch2020">{{cite journal|last1=Erives|first1=Albert|last2=Fritzsch|first2=Bernd|title=A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|volume=10|issue=2|year=2020|pages=811–826|issn=2160-1836|doi=10.1534/g3.119.400951|pmid=31879283|pmc=7003098}}</ref>).


Bu filogenomik çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu ile uyumlu olan aşağıdaki ağaç, bu belirsizliği bir politomi ile aktarmaktadır.
Bu filogenomik çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu ile uyumlu olan aşağıdaki ağaç, bu belirsizliği bir politomi ile aktarmaktadır.

Sayfanın 17.45, 21 Temmuz 2021 tarihindeki hâli

ParaHoxozoa
 
Biyolojik sınıflandırma Bu sınıflandırmayı düzenle
Âlem: Animalia
Alt âlem: Eumetazoa
Klad: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan et al., 2010[1]
Kladlar

ParaHoxozoa (veya Parahoxozoa), Bilateria, Placozoa, ve Cnidaria'dan oluşan bir hayvan kladıdır.[2] Bu kladın diğer iki hayvan soyu olan Ctenophora ve Porifera ile ilişkisi tartışmalıdır. Bazı filogenomik çalışmalar, Ctenophora'nın Parahoxozoa'nın kardeş grubu, Porifera'nın da diğer hayvanlarla kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn. [3][4][5][6][7][8]). Bazı araştırmalar, Porifera'nın Parahoxozoa'nın ve Ctenophora'nın diğer hayvanların kardeş grubu olduğunu destekleyen kanıtlar sunmuştur (örn. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]).

Bu filogenomik çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu ile uyumlu olan aşağıdaki ağaç, bu belirsizliği bir politomi ile aktarmaktadır.


Choanozoa
 

Choanoflagellata

 
Animalia
 

Ctenophora

 
 

Porifera

 
Parahoxozoa
 

Placozoa

 
Planulozoa
 

Cnidaria

 
 

Bilateria

 
 
 
 
 

ParaHoxozoa veya Parahoxozoa

"ParaHox" genlerine genellikle CamelCase'de ve klada adını veren "ParaHoxozoa" orijinal yazıda atıfta bulunulmasına rağmen, CamelCase veya camelCase (kelimenin ortasında deve hörgücü gibi duran büyük harf bulunması) zoolojik terminolojide standart olmadığı için, tek baş harfi büyük formatı olan "Parahoxozoa" literatürde daha yaygın hale geldi.

Karakteristik

Parahoxozoa, kladın adını aldığı Hox/ParaHox-ANTP'nin yanı sıra, birkaç gen altsınıfının (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD) varlığıyla da tanımlandı. Daha sonra Hox/ParaHox, NK geni ve Cdx Parahox geninin aynı sınıfta (ANTP) ve sünger olan Porifera'da mevcut olduğu iddia edildi.[25][26][27] ParaHox geninin kesin olarak tanımlanıp tanımlanmadığına bakılmaksızın, Parahoxozoa, orijinal olarak tanımlandığı gibi monofiletik olduğundan bu şekilde kullanılmaya devam eder.[28]

Planula-acoel, triploblasti, ve bilateria benzerlikleri

Orijinal Bilateria'nın, tek vücut açıklığına sahip, dipte yaşayan bir solucan olduğu varsayılmaktadır.[29] Bununla birlikte, Ctenophora ile içten bir gelişmişlik de olabilir.[30] İç-bağırsak, dudakların kaynaşmasıyla tek bir açıklığın köşelerinden gelişmiş de olabilir. Örneğin: Acoela, bazı bilaterian simetrilerini sergileyen bazı Cnidaria'ların planula larvalarına benzer. Tıpkı Cnidarian Buddenbrockia'nın[31][32][33] olduğu gibi vermiformdur ve Placozoa'nın planulayla benzerlikler kaydedilmiştir.[34] Genellikle, "Planulozoa", Placozoa'nın dışında tutulur, ancak her zaman geçerli değildir. Bu konuda Parahoxozoa ile eş anlamlı görünmektedir.[35] Ayrıca, Triploblasti'de Cnidara-Bilateria radyasyonundan önce gelişmiştir.[36]

Kaynakça

  1. ^
    • Giribet, Gonzalo (2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta (İngilizce). Cilt 45. ss. 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN 1463-6409. 
    • Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1). s. 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 $2. PMID 20920347. 
  2. ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 $2. PMID 20920347. 
  3. ^ Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq089. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 2922619 $2. PMID 20378579. 
  4. ^ Nosenko, Tetyana; Schreiber, Fabian; Adamska, Maja; Adamski, Marcin; Eitel, Michael; Hammel, Jörg; Maldonado, Manuel; Müller, Werner E.G.; Nickel, Michael; Schierwater, Bernd; Vacelet, Jean; Wiens, Matthias; Wörheide, Gert (2013). "Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (1): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23353073. 
  5. ^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15 December 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 $2. PMID 26621703. 
  6. ^ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. PMID 29199080. 
  7. ^ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (7): 958–967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. 
  8. ^ Leclère, Lucas; Horin, Coralie; Chevalier, Sandra; Lapébie, Pascal; Dru, Philippe; Peron, Sophie; Jager, Muriel; Condamine, Thomas; Pottin, Karen; Romano, Séverine; Steger, Julia; Sinigaglia, Chiara; Barreau, Carine; Quiroga Artigas, Gonzalo; Ruggiero, Antonella; Fourrage, Cécile; Kraus, Johanna E. M.; Poulain, Julie; Aury, Jean-Marc; Wincker, Patrick; Quéinnec, Eric; Technau, Ulrich; Manuel, Michaël; Momose, Tsuyoshi; Houliston, Evelyn; Copley, Richard R. (2019). "The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (5): 801–810. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30858591. 
  9. ^ Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Matus, David Q.; Pang, Kevin; Browne, William E.; Smith, Stephen A.; Seaver, Elaine; Rouse, Greg W.; Obst, Matthias; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Okusu, Akiko; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Wheeler, Ward C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. doi:10.1038/nature06614. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18322464. 
  10. ^ Hejnol, Andreas; Obst, Matthias; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Ott, Michael; Rouse, Greg W.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Martinez, Pedro; Baguñà, Jaume; Bailly, Xavier; Jondelius, Ulf; Wiens, Matthias; Müller, Werner E. G.; Seaver, Elaine; Wheeler, Ward C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W. (2009). "Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1677): 4261–4270. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0896. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2817096 $2. PMID 19759036. 
  11. ^ Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (2013). "The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution". Science. 342 (6164): 1242592. doi:10.1126/science.1242592. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3920664 $2. PMID 24337300. 
  12. ^ Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Dailey, Christopher; Berezikov, Eugene; Buckley, Katherine M.; Ptitsyn, Andrey; Reshetov, Denis; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Bobkova, Yelena; Yu, Fahong; Kapitonov, Vladimir V.; Jurka, Jerzy; Bobkov, Yuri V.; Swore, Joshua J.; Girardo, David O.; Fodor, Alexander; Gusev, Fedor; Sanford, Rachel; Bruders, Rebecca; Kittler, Ellen; Mills, Claudia E.; Rast, Jonathan P.; Derelle, Romain; Solovyev, Victor V.; Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Swalla, Billie J.; Sweedler, Jonathan V.; Rogaev, Evgeny I.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Kohn, Andrea B. (2014). "The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems". Nature. 510 (7503): 109–114. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..109M. doi:10.1038/nature13400. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4337882 $2. PMID 24847885. 
  13. ^ Chang, E. Sally; Neuhof, Moran; Rubinstein, Nimrod D.; Diamant, Arik; Philippe, Hervé; Huchon, Dorothée; Cartwright, Paulyn (2015). "Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (48): 14912–14917. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214912C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1511468112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4672818 $2. PMID 26627241. 
  14. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (18): 5773–5778. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503453112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4426464 $2. PMID 25902535. 
  15. ^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M.; Nichols, Krista M.; Paley, Richard; Roger, Andrew J.; Sitjà-Bobadilla, Ariadna; Donachie, Stuart; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology. 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255. 
  16. ^ Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015). "Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa". BMC Genomics. 16 (1): 987. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 4657218 $2. PMID 26596625. 
  17. ^ Shen, Xing-Xing; Hittinger, Chris Todd; Rokas, Antonis (2017). "Contentious relationships in phylogenomic studies can be driven by a handful of genes". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (5): 126. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0126. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5560076 $2. PMID 28812701. 
  18. ^ Arcila, Dahiana; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard; Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Stiassny, Melanie L. J.; Ko, Kyung D.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Lundberg, John; Revell, Liam J.; Betancur-R., Ricardo (2017). "Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (2): 20. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0020. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812610. 
  19. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1737–1746. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5664179 $2. PMID 28993654. 
  20. ^ Pandey, Akanksha; Braun, Edward L. (2021). "The Roles of Protein Structure, Taxon Sampling, and Model Complexity in Phylogenomics: A Case Study Focused on Early Animal Divergences". Biophysica. 1 (2): 87–105. doi:10.3390/biophysica1020008. ISSN 2673-4125. 
  21. ^ Laumer, Christopher E.; Fernández, Rosa; Lemer, Sarah; Combosch, David; Kocot, Kevin M.; Riesgo, Ana; Andrade, Sónia C. S.; Sterrer, Wolfgang; Sørensen, Martin V.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2019). "Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1906): 20190831. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6650721 $2. PMID 31288696. 
  22. ^ Jeon, Yeonsu; Park, Seung Gu; Lee, Nayun; Weber, Jessica A; Kim, Hui-Su; Hwang, Sung-Jin; Woo, Seonock; Kim, Hak-Min; Bhak, Youngjune; Jeon, Sungwon; Lee, Nayoung; Jo, Yejin; Blazyte, Asta; Ryu, Taewoo; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Jung-Hyun; Yim, Hyung-Soon; Bhak, Jong; Yum, Seungshic; Ochman, Howard (2019). "The Draft Genome of an Octocoral, Dendronephthya gigantea". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (3): 949–953. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz043. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 6447388 $2. PMID 30825304. 
  23. ^ Kim, Hak-Min; Weber, Jessica A.; Lee, Nayoung; Park, Seung Gu; Cho, Yun Sung; Bhak, Youngjune; Lee, Nayun; Jeon, Yeonsu; Jeon, Sungwon; Luria, Victor; Karger, Amir; Kirschner, Marc W.; Jo, Ye Jin; Woo, Seonock; Shin, Kyoungsoon; Chung, Oksung; Ryu, Jae-Chun; Yim, Hyung-Soon; Lee, Jung-Hyun; Edwards, Jeremy S.; Manica, Andrea; Bhak, Jong; Yum, Seungshic (2019). "The genome of the giant Nomura's jellyfish sheds light on the early evolution of active predation". BMC Biology. 17 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0643-7. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 6441219 $2. PMID 30925871. 
  24. ^ Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 10 (2): 811–826. doi:10.1534/g3.119.400951. ISSN 2160-1836. PMC 7003098 $2. PMID 31879283. 
  25. ^ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes". Nature. 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. 
  26. ^ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996). "The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes". Current Biology. 17 (8): 706–710. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008. PMID 17379523. 
  27. ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Pastrana, Claudia C. (2019). "Sponges lack ParaHox genes". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1250–1257. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052. PMC 6486804 $2. PMID 30859199. 
  28. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN 1463-6409. 
  29. ^ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature (Submitted manuscript). 530 (7588): 89–93. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. 
  30. ^ Browne, William E.; Amemiya, Chris T.; Swalla, Billie J.; Warren, Kaitlyn J.; Vandepas, Lauren E.; Presnell, Jason S. (2016-10-24). "The Presence of a Functionally Tripartite Through-Gut in Ctenophora Has Implications for Metazoan Character Trait Evolution". Current Biology (İngilizce). 26 (20): 2814–2820. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27568594. 
  31. ^ Jiménez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; Holland, Peter W. H. (2007-07-06). "Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm". Science (İngilizce). 317 (5834): 116–118. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..116J. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17615357. 
  32. ^ Baguñà, Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (2008-04-27). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (İngilizce). 363 (1496): 1481–1491. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2615819 $2. PMID 18192186. 
  33. ^ Genikhovich, Grigory; Technau, Ulrich (2017-10-01). "On the evolution of bilaterality". Development (İngilizce). 144 (19): 3392–3404. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 28974637. 
  34. ^ Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model". Senckenbergiana Lethaea (İngilizce). 82 (1): 315–324. ISSN 0037-2110. 
  35. ^ Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling". Cladistics (İngilizce). 20 (6): 558–578. ISSN 0748-3007. 
  36. ^ Boero, F.; Schierwater, B.; Piraino, S. (2007-06-01). "Cnidarian milestones in metazoan evolution". Integrative and Comparative Biology (İngilizce). 47 (5): 693–700. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 21669750. 
"https://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parahoxozoa&oldid=25841123" sayfasından alınmıştır