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Kitâb-ı Mukaddes kanonu

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Hristiyanlık
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Kitâb-ı Mukaddes kanonu, belirli bir Yahudi veya Hristiyan dini topluluğunun Eski Ahit ve Yeni Ahit'ten oluşan Kitab-ı Mukaddes'in bir parçası olarak kabul ettiği kutsal metinler (aynı zamanda "kitaplar" olarak da adlandırılır) kümesidir.

Katolik Kilisesi şu anda 73 kitabı Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'in bir parçası olarak kabul etmektedir: 46'sı Eski Ahit, 27'si Yeni Ahit. Protestan kiliseleri ise 66 kitabı Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'in bir parçası olarak kabul etmektedir: 39'u Eski Ahit, 27'si Yeni Ahit.

Ayrıca Kitab-ı Mukaddes'in ilhamını anlama biçimleri hem de "kanonik" kabul edilen kitapların gerçek listeleri açısından önemli farklılıklar vardır. Dolayısıyla, farklı kanonlar vardır:

Etimoloji

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Batı dillerinde "canon" olarak geçen kanon kelimesi, 'kural' veya 'ölçü çubuğu' anlamına gelen Grekçe: κανών romanize: kanōn kelimesinden gelir. Kelime, 14. yüzyıldan beri "Hristiyan Kilisesi tarafından gerçek ve ilham edilmiş olarak kabul edilen Kitab-ı Mukaddes kitaplarının koleksiyonu veya listesi" anlamında kullanılmaktadır.[1]

Tanım

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Makale serilerinden
Yahudilik
Menora
Mezhepler
Felsefe
Metinler
Yasa
Kutsal şehirler
Önemli şahsiyetler
Dini roller
Kültür ve eğitim
Ritüel nesneleri
Dualar
Başlıca bayramlar
Diğer dinler
İlgili konular

Çeşitli Kitab-ı Mukaddes kanonları, ilgili inanç ve mezheplerin dini otoriteleri arasındaki tartışma ve mutabakat yoluyla geliştirilmiştir. Yahudi-Hristiyan İncilleri gibi bazı kitaplar, çeşitli kanonlardan tamamen hariç tutulmuştur; ancak tartışmalı kitapların çoğu, birçok kişi tarafından apokrif veya deuterokanonik olarak kabul edilirken, bazı mezhepler bunları tamamen kanonik olarak kabul edebilir. Eski Ahit ile Yeni Ahit kanonları arasında farklılıklar vardır, ancak el yazmalarının çoğu ortaktır.

Farklı dini gruplar, Kitab-ı Mukaddes kanonlarına farklı kitapları, farklı sıralarda dahil eder ve bazen kitapları böler veya birleştirir. Yahudi Tanah'ı (bazen İbranice İncil olarak da adlandırılır) üç bölüme ayrılmış 24 kitap içerir: Tevrat'ın beş kitabı ('öğreti'); Nevi'im'in sekiz kitabı ('peygamberler'); ve Ketuvim'in on bir kitabı ('yazılar'). Çoğunlukla Kutsal İbranice ile, Aramice bölümleriyle oluşturulmuştur. Eski Ahit'e çok benzeyen ancak ek metinler içeren Septuaginta (Koine Yunancası), en azından bazı ayin bağlamlarında Hristiyan Yunanca Eski Ahit olarak kullanılır. Hristiyan İncillerinin ilk bölümü, en azından İbranice İncil'in 24 kitabını içeren ve farklı şekilde sıralanmış 39 (Protestan) veya 46 (Katolik [deuterokanonik eserler dahil]) kitaba bölünmüş Eski Ahit'tir. İkinci kısım, neredeyse her zaman 27 kitaptan oluşan Yeni Ahit'tir: dört kanonik İncil, Elçilerin İşleri, 21 Mektup ve Vahiy Kitabı. Katolik Kilisesi ve Doğu Hristiyan kiliseleri, belirli deuterokanonik kitap ve pasajların Eski Ahit kanonunun bir parçası olduğunu savunur. Doğu Ortodoks, Oryantal Ortodoks ve Doğu Süryani Kilisesi'nin kabul edilen kitap listelerinde farklılıklar olabilir.

Bazı Hristiyan gruplarının, kutsal yazı olarak kabul edilen ancak Kitâb-ı Mukaddes'in bir parçası olmayan başka kanonik kitapları (açık kanon) vardır.[2]

Yahudi ve Hristiyan geleneklerinin kanonları

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Eski Ahit tablosu

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Bu tabloda yetmiş dört kitap ve eklemeler listelenmiştir. Tablonun altındaki notlara bakınız.

Yahudilik Batı geleneği Doğu Ortodoks geleneği Oryantal Ortodoks geleneği
Kitaplar Samiri Tevratı
 Tanah
[O 1] 		Protestan
[O 2] 		Lütercilik
[O 3] 		Anglikan
[O 4] 		Latin Kilisesi[3]
[O 5] 		Rum Ortodoks[O 6] Rus Ortodoks[O 7] Gürcü Ortodoks[O 8][O 9] Ermeni Apostolik[O 10] Ortodoks Tevhîdî[4] Kıptî Ortodoks[5] Süryani Ortodoks[O 11] Doğu Kilisesi[O 12]
Torah Tevrat
Yaratılış Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Çıkış Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Levililer Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Sayılar Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Sayılar Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Nevi'im Tarih kitapları
Yeşu Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Yeşu		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Hakimler Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Rut Hayır Evet
(Ketuvim'in parçası)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Samuel Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. ve 2. Krallar		 Evet
1. ve 2. Krallar		 Evet
1. ve 2. Krallar		 Evet
1. ve 2. Krallar		 Evet
1. ve 2. Krallar		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Krallar Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
3 ve 4 Krallar		 Evet
3 ve 4 Krallar		 Evet
3 ve 4 Krallar		 Evet
3 ve 4 Krallar		 Evet
3 ve 4 Krallar		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Tarihler Hayır Evet
(Ketuvim'in bir parçası)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
1 ve 2 Tarihler		 Evet
1 ve 2 Tarihler		 Evet
1 ve 2 Tarihler		 Evet
1 ve 2 Tarihler		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Menaşe'nin Duası Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)[O 14]		 Hayır
(Apokrif)[O 14]		 Hayır – (Vulgata'nın ek bölümleri dahil) Hayır
(Süleyman'ın Kasideleri'nin parçası)[O 15]		 Evet
(2. Tarihler'in parçası)[O 15]		 Evet
(2. Tarihler'in parçası)[O 15]		 Hayır Evet
(2. Tarihler'in parçası)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır
Ezra
(1. Ezra)		 Hayır Evet
(Ketuvim parçası)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. Ezra		 Evet
Ezra B'		 Evet
1. Ezra		 Evet
1. Ezra		 Evet
1. Ezra		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Nehemya Kitabı
(2. Ezra)		 Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
2. Ezra		 Evet
Ezra Γ' veya Neemias		 Evet
Nehemya		 Evet
Nehemya		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. Ezra
(3. Ezra)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır Hayır
1. Ezra
(Apokrif)		 Hayır – (Vulgata ekindeki 3. Ezra dahil.)[6] Evet
Ezra A'		 Evet
2. Ezra		 Evet
2 Ezra		 Evet Evet
Ezra Kali		 Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil.
2. Ezra 3–14
(4. Ezra veya Ezra Kıyameti)[O 16]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır Hayır
2. Ezra
(Apokrif)		 Hayır – (Vulgata'daki 4. Ezra eki dahil) Hayır
(Grekçe elyazması kayıp)[O 17]		 Evet
3. Ezra[7]		 Evet
3. Ezra
– kanonik değil[O 18]		 Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil.
[O 19]		 Evet
Ezra Sutu'el		 Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil.
2. Ezra 1–2; 15–16
(5. ve 6. Ezra veya Ezra Kıyameti)[O 16]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır Hayır
(2. Ezra apokrifinin bir parçası)		 Hayır – (VIII.Clemens Vulgatası'nın ek bölümünde 4. Ezra olarak yer almaktadır.) Hayır
(Grekçe elyazması)[O 20]		 Evet
3. Ezra[7]		 Evet
3 Ezra
– kanonik değil[O 18]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
Ester[O 21] Hayır Evet
(Ketuvim'in parçası)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Ester'e yapılan eklemeler Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet (Deuterokanonik) Evet Evet Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Tobit Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet
Tobias (Deuterokanonik)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Yudit Kitabı Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet (Deuterokanonik) Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. Makabeler[O 22] Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet
1. Makabeler (Deuterokanonik)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Hayır Evet Evet Evet
2. Makabeler[O 22] Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet
2. Makabeler (Deuterokanonik)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Hayır Evet Evet Evet
3. Makabiler Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır (Apokrif) Hayır (Apokrif) Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Hayır No Hayır Evet (?) [8]
4. Makabeler Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
(ek)		 Hayır Evet – kanonik değil[O 18] Hayır
(erken gelenek)		 Hayır Hayır
(Kıpti elyazması,)		 Hayır – bazı elyazmalarıyla birlikte. Evet (?) [8]
1 Etiyopya Makabileri
(1 Meqabyan)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet Hayır Hayır Hayır
2 ve 3 Etiyopya Makabileri[O 23]
(2. ve 3. Meqabyan)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet Hayır Hayır Hayır
1. Hanok[O 24] Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet Hayır Hayır Hayır
2. Hanok[O 25][O 24] Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
3. Hanok[O 26][O 24] Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
Yubile Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet Hayır Hayır Hayır
Etiyopyalı Sahte-Josephus
(Zëna Ayhud)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet
(daha geniş kanon)[O 27]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır
Josephus'un Yahudi Savaşı
[O 28][9]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil.[O 28] Evet (?) [8]
On İki Patriğin Vasiyetleri Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
(Grekçe elyazması.)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
Yusuf ve Asenat Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır
(erken gelenek?)[O 29]		 Hayır Hayır Evet (?) [8]
Yeşu Kitabı (Samaritan) Hayır
(yüksek statü)[O 30]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
Ketuvim Bilgelik literatürü
Eyüp Hayır Evet
Iyov		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Eyüp Kitabı'nın ekleri Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet Evet Hayır Evet Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
Mezmurlar 1–150[O 31] Hayır Evet
Tehillim		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
151. Mezmur Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Hayır Hayır
152–155. Mezmurlar Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır (?) – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır (?) – bazı elyazmaları dahil.
Süleyman'ın Mezmurları[O 32] Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır – bazı elyazmaları dahil.
Özdeyişler Hayır Evet
Mişlei		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
(2 kitap halinde)		 Evet Evet Evet
Vaiz Hayır Evet
Kohelet		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Ezgiler Ezgisi Hayır Evet
Şir Haşirim		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Canticle of Canticles		 Evet
Aisma Aismaton		 Evet
Aisma Aismaton		 Evet
Aisma Aismaton		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Bilgelik veya Süleyman'ın Bilgeliği Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet (Deuterokanonik) Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Sirak Kitabı[O 33] Hayır Hayır Hayır (Apokrif)[O 13] Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Hayır
(Apokrif)		 Evet[O 34]
Ecclesiasticus (Deuterokanonik)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Süleyman'ın Duası
(Sirak 52)[O 35]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
(Latince elyazması)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
Nevi'im Akharonim Peygamberler
Yeşaya Hayır Evet
Yeşayahu		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Isaias		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Yeşaya'nın Göğe Yükselişi Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır –
liturjik (?)[O 36]		 Hayır –
Amharca elyazması.
(erken gelenek?)[O 37]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır
Yeremya Hayır Evet
Yirmeyahu		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Jeremias		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
[[Ağıtlar Kitabı|Ağıtlar) Evet Evet Evet Evet[O 38] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
(part of Säqoqawä Eremyas)[O 39]		 Evet Evet Evet
Baruch Hayır Hayır No (Apocrypha)[O 13] No
(Apocrypha)		 No
(Apocrypha)		 Evet (Deuterocanonical) Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[O 40][O 41] Evet Evet
2 Baruch		 Evet
Letter of Jeremiah Hayır Hayır No (Apocrypha)[O 13] No
(Apocrypha)		 No
(Apocrypha)		 Evet
(chapter 6 of Baruch) (Deuterocanonical)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
(part of Säqoqawä Eremyas)[O 42][O 39][O 41]		 Evet Evet Evet
Syriac Apocalypse
of Baruch
(2 Baruch 1–77)[O 43]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır No – inc. in some mss. Yes (?) [8]
Letter of Baruch
(2 Baruch 78–86)[O 43]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet
1 Baruch		 No (?) – inc. in some mss.[10]
Greek Apocalypse
of Baruch
(3 Baruch)[O 44]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
(Greek ms.)		 Hayır
(Slavonic ms.)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
4 Baruch Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Evet
(part of Säqoqawä Eremyas)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır
Ezekiel Hayır Evet
Yekhezqel		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Ezechiel		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Daniel Hayır Evet
(part of Ketuvim)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Additions to Daniel[O 45] Hayır Hayır No (Apocrypha)[O 13] No
(Apocrypha)		 No
(Apocrypha)		 Evet (Deuterocanonical) Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Hosea Hayır Evet
(Trei Asar)		 Evet Evet Evet Evet
Osee		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Joel Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Amos Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Obadiah Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Abdias		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Jonah Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Jonas		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Micah Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Micheas		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Nahum Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Habakkuk Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Habacuc		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Zephaniah Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Sophonias		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Haggai Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Aggeus		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Zechariah Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Zacharias		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Malachi Hayır Evet Evet Evet Evet
Malachias		 Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Eski Ahit tablo notları
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Yahudi apokrif kitaplarının birçoğu farklı Hristiyan toplulukları tarafından farklı şekillerde kabul edilmiş olsa da, hiçbir gelenek tarafından benimsenmeyenler burada hariç tutulmuştur.

Bazı kitapların sırası kanonlara göre değişir. Bava Batra 14b'deki Talmud, Nevi'im ve Ketuvim kitaplarının kendi sırasını verir. Bu sıra, Mişne Tora Hilchot Sefer Tora 7:15'te de belirtilmiştir. Tevrat kitaplarının sırası, Yahudilik, Samirilik ve Hristiyanlığın tüm mezheplerinde evrenseldir.

Tablo, Yeni Amerikan İncili Gözden Geçirilmiş Baskı, Gözden Geçirilmiş Standart Sürüm ve İngilizce Standart Sürüm gibi İncil'in modern baskılarında bulunan yazım biçimlerini ve adları kullanır. Hem 1609-1610 Douay Eski Ahit'teki (ve 1582 Rheims Yeni Ahit'teki) hem de Piskopos Challoner'ın 1749 revizyonundaki (şu anda birçok Katolik tarafından kullanılan ve İngilizcedeki geleneksel Katolik yazım biçimlerinin kaynağı olan baskı) ve Septuagint'teki yazım biçimleri ve adlar, İbranice Masoretik metinden türetilen modern baskılarda kullanılan yazım biçimlerinden ve adlardan farklıdır.

Kral James Versiyonu, Yeni Ahit'te bu kitaplardan bazılarını geleneksel yazımlarıyla anar; örneğin "Esaias" (Yeşaya için). Ekümenizm ruhuna uygun olarak, daha yeni Katolik çeviriler (örneğin, Yeni Amerikan İncili, Kudüs İncili ve Katolikler tarafından kullanılan ekümenik çeviriler, örneğin Gözden Geçirilmiş Standart Versiyon Katolik Baskısı ), protokanoniklerde Protestan İncilleriyle aynı "standartlaştırılmış" (Kral James Versiyonu) yazım ve adları kullanır (örneğin, 1. Tarihler, Douay 1 Paralipomenon'a karşı, 1-2. Samuel ve 1-2. Krallar, 1-4. Krallar yerine) .

  1. ^ The canon followed by the Masoretic Text is adhered to by modern Jews and is known as the Protocanon among Christians, but "it is now recognized that only 2 Maccabees, and additions to Esther (13,1) were written in Greek. And the notion of Greek: diaspora/Hebrew: Palestine in matters of canon has been controverted by clear evidence of the circulation of the Septuagint in Palestine..." see: Sundberg Jr, Albert C. "The" Old Testament": A Christian Canon." The Catholic Biblical Quarterly (1968): 143-155, p.145.
  2. ^ The term "Nonconformist Protestant" is used loosely here to include most Western non-Roman Catholic churches apart from Evangelical Lutherans and Anglicans (Lutherans and Anglicans have historically included intertestamental Apocryphal books between the Old Testament and New Testament, employing readings from the same in their lectionaries). Most Christians in this category (e.g. Baptists, Methodists and Plymouth Brethren) include only the protocanon, but there are "churches that include the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical writings in their Bibles [which] generally follow the R-H LXX edition", see: Lee Martin McDonald, "A Canonical History of the Old Testament Apocrypha." The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha (2021): 24, p.45.
  3. ^ Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis. (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.
  4. ^ Articles of Religion 1571, The Church of England. Available at: https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/book-common-prayer/articles-religion#VII (Accessed: 07 November 2023).
  5. ^ The Roman Catholic Canon as represented in this table reflects the Latin tradition. Some Eastern Rite churches who are in fellowship with the Roman Catholic Church may have different books in their canons.
  6. ^ Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis. (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.
  7. ^ "The Old Testament, as it functions in the Russian Orthodox Church, contains the thirty-nine books which are part of what other traditions call the Protocanon, as well as eleven other books...[:] "2 Ездры" (3 Esdras in the Vulgate; 'Εσδρας Α' in the Septuagint), Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Letter of Jeremiah, Baruch, 1, 2, and 3 Maccabees, and finally "3 Ездры" (4 Esdras in the Vulgate). To these books should be added the non-canonical sections of Daniel (i.e., Song of the Three Young Men, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon), Esther, Psalms (i.e., Ps 151), and the Prayer of Manasseh placed at the end of 2 Chronicles. These sections are not included separately, but as part of these respective books." See: Lénart J. De Regt, "Canon and Biblical Text in the Slavonic Tradition in Russia." The Bible Translator 67.2 (2016): 223-239, pp.223-224.
  8. ^ https://orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia/sarchevi.htm
  9. ^ Anna Kharanauli, "The Georgian Canon." Textual history of the Bible; Volume 2A: The deuterocanonical scriptures: Overview articles (2020): 258-268.
  10. ^ The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. Extra-canonical Old Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either exclusive to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. See: Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists I—the Council of Partaw (768 CE)." Harvard Theological Review 66.4 (1973): 479-486; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists II—The Stichometry of Anania of Shirak (c. 615-c. 690 CE.)." Harvard Theological Review 68.3-4 (1975): 253-260. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists III—The Lists of Mechitar of Ayrivankʿ (c. 1285 CE)." Harvard Theological Review 69.3-4 (1976): 289-300 Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists IV—The List of Gregory of Tatʿew (14th Century)." Harvard Theological Review 72.3-4 (1979): 237-244; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists V—Anonymous Texts." Harvard Theological Review 83.2 (1990): 141-161; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VI—Hebrew Names and Other Attestations." Harvard Theological Review 94.4 (2001): 477-491. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VII: The Poetic List of Aṙak 'el of Siwnik '(d. 1409)." Harvard Theological Review 104.3 (2011): 367-379.
  11. ^ "The disputed books are often grouped together at the end of their OT canon (cf. ms. Sinai Syr. 10) including 1-4 Maccabees, Judith, Wisdom, 3 Esdras, and Ben Sirach, but the Syrian canon varies in the three Bibles from which subsequent editions are based." See: Lee Martin McDonald, "A Canonical History of the Old Testament Apocrypha." The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha (2021): 24, p.45.
  12. ^ The Church of the East "persisted in using the shorter canon" and the Syriac Deuterocanonicals were not included in Lamsa's translation, though he admitted that "Apocryphal books are [usually] included in the text, they are looked upon as a sacred literature, even though they are not as_commonly used as the others." See: Ron Grove, Canon and community: authority in the history of religions University of California, Santa Barbara, 1983, p.160. It should also be noted that "...conversion to Christianity started after most books were translated, but before the translation of Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles... When later converts brought the last books, "there were those in the church who considered that the limits of the Old Testament in Syriac had already been defined" (Weitzman, 1999, p.261). These last books never attained the same status in the Church of the East as the earlier books of the Old Testament." See: Henk Prenger, "The History of the Church of the East." Biola ISCL 742 (2010), p,54
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q This book may be included in various translations of the Protestant Bibles such as the: CEB, ESV, KJV, MSG, NLT, NEB, NRSV, REB, and RSV publications as (Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical books) or included in CE (Catholic Edition) versions of these Bibles.
  14. ^ a b The Luther Bible includes the following intertestamental Apocrypha books: Judith, the Book of Wisdom, Tobit, Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, 1 & 2 Maccabees, the Additions to Esther and the Additions to Daniel. The English Apocrypha includes the Prayer of Manasseh, 1 & 2 Esdras, the Additions to Esther, Tobit, Judith, 1 & 2 Maccabees, the Book of Wisdom, Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, and the Additions to Daniel. When comparing the English Apocrypha and the Lutheran Apocrypha, the Lutheran Apocrypha omits from this list of intertestamental books: 1 & 2 Esdras. Some Protestant Bibles include 3 Maccabees as part of the Apocrypha. However, a number of nonconformist churches within Protestantism (e.g. Baptists, Methodists and Plymouth Brethren)—as it is presented here—do not include the Apocrypha in their Bibles.
  15. ^ a b c The Prayer of Manasseh is included as part of the Book of Odes, which follows the Psalms in the Septuagint. The rest of the Book of Odes consists of passages found elsewhere in the Bible. There is no book of Odes in the modern Orthodox Bible. The Prayer of Manasseh may also be found at the end of 2 Chronicles (2. Tarihler).
  16. ^ a b In many eastern Bibles, the Apocalypse of Ezra is not an exact match to the longer Latin Esdras–2 Esdras in KJV or 4 Esdras in the Vulgate—which includes a Latin prologue (5 Ezra) and epilogue (6 Ezra). However, a degree of uncertainty continues to exist here, and it is certainly possible that the full text—including the prologue and epilogue—appears in Bibles and Biblical manuscripts used by some of these eastern traditions. Also of note is the fact that many Latin versions are missing verses 7:36–7:106. (A more complete explanation of the various divisions of books associated with the scribe Ezra may be found in the Wikipedia article entitled "Ezralar".)
  17. ^ Evidence strongly suggests that a Greek manuscript of 4 Ezra once existed; this furthermore implies a Hebrew origin for the text.
  18. ^ a b c In Eastern Orthodox Churches, including the Georgian Orthodox Church, Ecumenical Councils are the highest written determining church authority on the lists of Biblical books. Canon 2 of the Quinisext Council, held in Trullo and affirmed by the Eastern Orthodox Churches, listed and affirmed biblical canon lists, such as the list in Canon 85 of the Canons of the Apostles. Trullo's Biblical Canon lists affirmed documents such as 1-3 Maccabees, but neither Slavonic 3 Esdra/Ezra (AKA Vulgate "4. Ezra/Esdras"), nor 4 Maccabees. Source: Canon 2, Council of Trullo, https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3814.htm Georgian Orthodox Bibles apparently tend to include Slavonic 3 Esdra/Ezra and 4 Maccabees (both apocryphal). Contemporary Georgian Orthodox Bibles may mark them and the Deuterocanonical Books (e.g. 1-3 Maccabees) as "noncanonical." See e.g. "The Old Testament in Modern Georgian Language" on the following Georgian Orthodox website: https://orthodoxy.ge/tserili/biblia/sarchevi.htm Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi: "Georgian" adı farklı içerikte birden fazla tanımlanmış (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)
  19. ^ 3 Ezra is not included in Bibles and is considered "extra-canonical".
  20. ^ An early fragment of 6 Ezra is known to exist in the Greek language, implying a possible Hebrew origin for 2 Esdras 15–16.
  21. ^ Esther's placement within the canon was questioned by Luther. Others, like Melito, omitted it from the canon altogether.
  22. ^ a b The Latin Vulgate, Douay–Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
  23. ^ 2. ve 3. Meqabyan, though relatively unrelated in content, are often counted as a single book.
  24. ^ a b c These three books are traditionally attributed to Enoch.
  25. ^ This book was heavily utilized by the Bogomils. Some scholars attribute 2 Enoch to an unidentified Jewish sect.
  26. ^ This book hold significance in Merkabah mysticism.
  27. ^ Some sources place Zëna Ayhud within the "narrower canon".
  28. ^ a b A Syriac version of Josephus's Jewish War VI appears in some Peshitta manuscripts as the "Fifth Book of Maccabees". This isn't to be confused with the book known academically as 5 Maccabees.
  29. ^ Several varying historical canon lists exist for the Orthodox Tewahedo tradition. In one particular list 10 Ağustos 2006[Tarih uyuşmuyor] tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. found in a British Library manuscript (Add MS 16188), a book of Assenath is placed within the canon. This most likely refers to the book more commonly known as Joseph and Asenath. An unknown book of Uzziah is also listed there, which may be connected to the lost Acts of Uzziah referenced in 2 Chronicles 26:22.
  30. ^ The Samaritan Book of Joshua has an elevated status within the Samaritan tradition, but is not considered canon.
  31. ^ Some traditions use an alternative set of liturgical or metrical Psalms.
  32. ^ In many ancient manuscripts, a distinct collection known as the Odes of Solomon is found together with the similar Psalms of Solomon.
  33. ^ The book of Sirach is usually preceded by a non-canonical prologue written by the author's grandson.
  34. ^ In the Latin Vulgate and Douay-Rheims, chapter 51 of Ecclesiasticus appears separately as the "Prayer of Joshua, son of Sirach".
  35. ^ A shorter variant of the prayer by King Solomon in 1 Kings 8:22–52 appeared in some medieval Latin manuscripts and is found in some Latin Bibles at the end of or immediately following Ecclesiasticus. The two versions of the prayer in Latin may be viewed online for comparison at the following website: BibleGateway.com: Sirach 52 / 1 Kings 8:22–52; Vulgate
  36. ^ The "Martyrdom of Isaiah" is prescribed reading to honor the prophet Isaiah within the Armenian Apostolic liturgy. While this likely refers to the account of Isaiah's death within the Lives of the Prophets, it may be a reference to the account of his death found within the first five chapters of the Ascension of Isaiah, which is widely known by this name. The two narratives have similarities and may share a common source.
  37. ^ The Ascension of Isaiah has long been known to be a part of the Orthodox Tewahedo scriptural tradition. Though it is not currently considered canonical, various sources attest to the early canonicity—or at least "semi-canonicity"—of this book.
  38. ^ In some Latin versions, chapter 5 of Lamentations appears separately as the part of thr Yeremya".
  39. ^ a b Ethiopic Lamentations consists of eleven chapters, parts of which are considered to be non-canonical.
  40. ^ The canonical Ethiopic version of Baruch has five chapters, but is shorter than the LXX text.
  41. ^ a b Some Ethiopic translations of Baruch may include the traditional Letter of Jeremiah as the sixth chapter.
  42. ^ The "Letter to the Captives" found within Säqoqawä Eremyas—and also known as the sixth chapter of Ethiopic Lamentations—may contain different content from the Letter of Jeremiah (to those same captives) found in other traditions.
  43. ^ a b The Letter of Baruch is found in chapters 78–87 of 2 Baruch—the final ten chapters of the book. The letter had a wider circulation and often appeared separately from the first 77 chapters of the book, which is an apocalypse.
  44. ^ Included here for the purpose of disambiguation, 3 Baruch is widely rejected as a pseudepigraphon and is not part of any Biblical tradition. Two manuscripts exist—a longer Greek manuscript with Christian interpolations and a shorter Slavonic version. There is some uncertainty about which was written first.
  45. ^ Bel and the Dragon, Susanna, and The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children.

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Bu tabloda elli iki kitap listelenmiştir. Tablonun altındaki notlara bakınız.

Kitaplar Protestant geleneği[N 1] Roma Katolik geleneği[3] Doğu ortodoks geleneği[N 2] Ermeni Apostolik geleneği[N 3] Ortodoks Tewahedo geleneği Kıpti Ortodoks geleneği[11] Süryani Hristiyan geleneği[N 4]
Kanonik İnciller[N 5]
Matta Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 6]
Markos[N 7] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 6]
Luka Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 6]
Yuhanna[N 7][N 8] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 6]
Elçilerin İşleri
Elçilerin İşleri[N 7] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Pavlus ve Tekla'nın İşleri[N 9][12][13] Hayır Hayır Hayır No
(erken gelenek)		 Hayır Hayır No
(erken gelenek)
Petrus'un İşleri No
(Codex Vercellensis)
Pavlus'un mektupları
Romalılar Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. Korintliler Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
2. Korintliler Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
3. Korintliler[N 9][N 10] Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır - bazı elyazmaları dahil. Hayır Hayır Hayır
(early tradition)
Galatyalılar Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Efesliler Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Filipililer Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Koloseliler Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Laodikyalılar No − inc. in Wycliffe and Quaker Bibles.[N 11] No − inc. in some mss. Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır
1. Selanikliler Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
2. Selanikliler Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. Timoteos Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
2. Timoteos Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Titus Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Filimon Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Katolik mektuplar (Genel mektuplar)
İbraniler Yes[N 12] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
Yakup Yes[N 12] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
1. Petrus Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
2. Petrus Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 4]
1. Yuhanna[N 7] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet
2. Yuhanna Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 4]
3. Yuhanna Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 4]
Yahuda Evet[N 12] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet[N 4]
Apokalipse
Vahiy Evet[N 12] Evet Evet Evet Evet Evet Yes[N 4]
Petrus'un Vahyi[N 13] Hayır (Muratori Kanonu'nda kanonik olarak listelenmiştir)
(Muratori Kanonu)
Apostolic Fathers[N 14] and Church Orders[N 15]
1 Clement[N 16][11] No (Listed as canonical in "Canon 85" of the Canons of the Apostles)
(Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus)
2 Clement[N 16][11] No (Listed as canonical in "Canon 85" of the Canons of the Apostles)
(Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus)
Shepherd of Hermas[N 16] No (some early traditions) [14]
(Codex Claromontanus and Codex Siniaticus)
Epistle of Barnabas[N 16] No (some early traditions) [15]
(Codex Claromontanus, Codex Hierosolymitanus and Codex Siniaticus)
Didache No
(Codex Hierosolymitanus)
Letters of Ignatius of Antioch No
(Codex Hierosolymitanus)
Epistle of Polycarp No
Martyrdom of Polycarp No
(Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius))
Martyrium Ignatii No
(Codex Colbertinus)
Epistle to Diognetus [N 17] No
Protoevangelium of James No
(Bodmer Papyri)
Ser'atä Seyon
(Sinodos)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Te'ezaz
(Sinodos)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Gessew
(Sinodos)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Abtelis
(Sinodos)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Book of the
Covenant 1
(Mäshafä Kidan)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Book of the
Covenant 2
(Mäshafä Kidan)		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Ethiopic Clement
(Qälëmentos)[N 18]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Ethiopic Didescalia
(Didesqelya)[N 18]		 Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
Kebra Nagast Hayır Hayır Hayır Hayır Yes
(broader canon)		 Hayır Hayır
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  1. ^ Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis. (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.
  2. ^ Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade. The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: Texts and analysis. (Oxford: OUP, 2017), pp.xx-xxii.
  3. ^ The growth and development of the Armenian Biblical canon is complex. Extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status. Some of the books are not listed in this table. These include the Prayer of Euthalius, the Repose of St. John the Evangelist, the Doctrine of Addai (some sources replace this with the Acts of Thaddeus), a reading from the Gospel of James (some sources replace this with the Apocryphon of James), the Second Apostolic Canons, the Words of Justus, Dionysius Aeropagite, the Acts of Peter (some sources replace this with the Preaching of Peter), and a Poem by Ghazar. (Various sources also mention undefined Armenian canonical additions to the Gospels of Mark and John, however, these may refer to the general additions—Mark 16:9–20 and John 7:53–8:11—discussed elsewhere in these notes.) A possible exception here to canonical exclusivity is the Second Apostolic Canons, which share a common source—the Apostolic Constitutions—with certain parts of the Orthodox Tewahedo New Testament broader canon. The correspondence between King Agbar and Jesus Christ, which is found in various forms—including within both the Doctrine of Addai and the Acts of Thaddeus—sometimes appears separately. It is noteworthy that the Prayer of Euthalius and the Repose of St. John the Evangelist appear in the appendix of the 1805 Armenian Zohrab Bible. However, some of the aforementioned books, though they are found within canon lists, have nonetheless never been discovered to be part of any Armenian Biblical manuscript. See: Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists I—the Council of Partaw (768 CE)." Harvard Theological Review 66.4 (1973): 479-486; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists II—The Stichometry of Anania of Shirak (c. 615-c. 690 CE.)." Harvard Theological Review 68.3-4 (1975): 253-260. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists III—The Lists of Mechitar of Ayrivankʿ (c. 1285 CE)." Harvard Theological Review 69.3-4 (1976): 289-300 Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists IV—The List of Gregory of Tatʿew (14th Century)." Harvard Theological Review 72.3-4 (1979): 237-244; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists V—Anonymous Texts." Harvard Theological Review 83.2 (1990): 141-161; Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VI—Hebrew Names and Other Attestations." Harvard Theological Review 94.4 (2001): 477-491. Michael E. Stone, "Armenian Canon Lists VII: The Poetic List of Aṙak 'el of Siwnik '(d. 1409)." Harvard Theological Review 104.3 (2011): 367-379.
  4. ^ a b c d e f The Peshitta excludes 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books. Still today, the official lectionary followed by the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East, present lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta, the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions. According to the official Catechism of the Assyrian Church of the East, the books of 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation are not accepted as part of the New Testament canon. See: Catechism [of] The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East, pgs. 23-24
  5. ^ Though widely regarded as non-canonical, the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to Mary, the mother of Jesus.
  6. ^ a b c d The Diatessaron, Tatian's gospel harmony, became a standard text in some Syriac-speaking churches down to the 5th century, when it gave-way to the four separate gospels found in the Peshitta.
  7. ^ a b c d Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources; in some cases, are thought to be later additions; and have therefore not historically existed in every Biblical tradition. They are as follows: Mark 16:9–20, John 7:53–8:11, the Comma Johanneum, and portions of the Western version of Acts. To varying degrees, arguments for the authenticity of these passages—especially for the one from the Gospel of John—have occasionally been made.
  8. ^ Skeireins, a commentary on the Gospel of John in the Gothic language, was included in the Wulfila Bible. It exists today only in fragments.
  9. ^ a b The Acts of Paul and Thecla and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are portions of the greater Acts of Paul narrative, which is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus, but has survived only in fragments. Some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately, however.
  10. ^ The Third Epistle to the Corinthians always appears as a correspondence; it also includes a short letter from the Corinthians to Paul.
  11. ^ The Epistle to the Laodiceans is present in some western non-Roman Catholic translations and traditions. Especially of note is John Wycliffe's inclusion of the epistle in his English translation, and the Quakers' use of it to the point where they produced a translation and made pleas for its canonicity (Poole's Annotations, on Col. 4:16). The epistle is nonetheless widely rejected by the vast majority of Protestants.
  12. ^ a b c d These four works were questioned or "spoken against" by Martin Luther, and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any Lutheran body since. Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Lutheran" order. The vast majority of Protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical.
  13. ^ The Petrus'un Vahyi is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus. It was also held in high regard by Clement of Alexandria.
  14. ^ Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows: the seven Epistles of Ignatius, the Epistle of Polycarp, the Martyrdom of Polycarp, the Epistle to Diognetus, the fragment of Quadratus of Athens, the fragments of Papias of Hierapolis, the Reliques of the Elders Preserved in Irenaeus, and the Apostles' Creed.
  15. ^ Though they are not listed in this table, the Apostolic Constitutions were considered canonical by some including Alexius Aristenus, John of Salisbury, and to a lesser extent, Grigor Tat'evatsi. They are even classified as part of the New Testament canon within the body of the Constitutions itself. Moreover, they are the source for a great deal of the content in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon.
  16. ^ a b c d These five writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers are not currently considered canonical in any Biblical tradition, though they are more highly regarded by some more than others. Nonetheless, their early authorship and inclusion in ancient Biblical codices, as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities, requires them to be treated as foundational literature for Christianity as a whole.
  17. ^ Some editors place the Epistle to Diognetus among the apologetic writings, rather than among the Apostolic Fathers (Stevenson, J. A New Eusebius SPCK (1965) p. 400).
  18. ^ a b Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names.

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Kaynakça

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Özel

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 'canon', 2.4: 1382, "In the bigynnyng of canon, that is, of the bok of Genesis." Bible (Wycliffite, early version) Apocalypse Prologue.
  2. ^ Zaman, Luc (31 Mayıs 2008). Bible and Canon: A Modern Historical Inquiry (İngilizce). BRILL. s. 45-49. ISBN 978-90-474-3354-5. 
  3. ^ a b "Books of the Bible". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 16 Ekim 2025 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Ağustos 2020. 
  4. ^ "The Bible". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 17 Ağustos 2025 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak 2012. 
  5. ^ "The Deuterocanonical Books". Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles. 6 Ekim 2025 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Ocak 2012. 
  6. ^ "Are 1 and 2 Esdras non-canonical books?". Catholic Answers. 9 Aralık 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Ağustos 2020. 
  7. ^ a b Библия. Книги Священного Писания Ветхого и Нового Завета (Rusça) (7th bas.). Moscow: Издательство Московской Патриархии. 2022. ISBN 978-5-88017-237-5. 
  8. ^ a b c d e "The Assyrian Church of the East with Qasha Ephraim Ashur Alkhas". YouTube. 27 Mayıs 2021. 6 Ekim 2025 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. 
  9. ^ group="O" "Maccabees, Books Of, 3-5 - Meaning & Verses | Bible Encyclopedia". Bible Study Tools (İngilizce). 30 Eylül 2025 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Mart 2025. 
  10. ^ The Apocrypha in Ecumenical Perspective : The Place of the Late Writings of the Old Testament Among the Biblical Writings and their Significance in the Eastern and Western Church Traditions, p. 160
  11. ^ a b c "The Canonization of Scripture | Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles" (İngilizce). 6 Ekim 2025 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 2 Nisan 2022. 
  12. ^ Burris, Catherine; van Rompay, Lucas (2002). "Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Preliminary Observations". Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 5 (2): 225-236. doi:10.31826/9781463214104-012. 1 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde kaynağındanÜcretli abonelik gerekli arşivlendi21 Mayıs 2016. 
  13. ^ Carter, Nancy A. (2000), The Acts of Thecla: A Pauline Tradition Linked to Women, Conflict and Community in the Christian Church, 13 Şubat 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi 
  14. ^ Adrian Hastings, The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. Clarendon Press, 1995.
  15. ^ 'Its inclusion in close proximity to the New Testament writings in Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Claromontanus witnesses to the canonical or near-canonical authority it held for some Christians, Elliot, "Manuscripts, The Codex and the Canon," JSNT 63.'

Genel

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

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  • Armstrong, Karen (2007) The Bible: A Biography. Books that Changed the World Series. Atlantic Monthly Press. 0-87113-969-3
  • Barnstone, Willis (ed.) (1984). The Other Bible: Ancient Alternative Scriptures. HarperCollins. 978-0-7394-8434-0.
  • Childs, Brevard S. (1984). The New Testament as Canon: An Introduction. SCM Press. 0-334-02212-6.
  • Gallagher, Edmon L.; Meade, John D. (2017). The biblical canon lists from early Christianity: texts and analysis. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-879249-9. OCLC 987346634. 
  • Schneemelcher Wilhelm (ed). Hennecke Edgard, New Testament Apocrypha, 2 vol. Original title: Neutestamentliche Apokryphen
  • McDonald, Lee Martin (2009). Forgotten Scriptures. The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings. Westminster John Knox Press. 978-0-664-23357-0.
  • McDonald, Lee Martin (2000). Early Christianity and Its Sacred Literature. Hendrickson Publishers. 1-56563-266-4.
  • McDonald, Lee Martin (2007). The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority. 3rd ed. Hendrickson Publishers. 978-1-56563-925-6.
  • Pentiuc, Eugen J., (Ed.) (2022). The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Orthodox Christianity (İngilizce). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190948658.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-094868-9 – OUP Academic vasıtasıyla. 
  • Souter, Alexander (1954). The Text and Canon of the New Testament. 2nd ed. Studies in Theology, No. 25. London: Duckworth.
  • Stonehouse, Ned Bernhard (1929). The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church: A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon. Oosterbaan & Le Cointre.
  • Taussig, Hal (2013). A New New Testament: A Bible for the 21st Century Combining Traditional and Newly Discovered Texts. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  • Wall, Robert W.; Lemcio, Eugene E. (1992). The New Testament as Canon: A Reader in Canonical Criticism. JSOT Press. 1-85075-374-1.
  • Westcott, Brooke Foss. (1875). A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament. 4th ed. London: Macmillan.

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