Hindko

Bir Hindko konuşmacısı.

Hindko (ہندکو, romanize edilmiş: Hindko), Pakistan'ın kuzeybatısındaki çeşitli bölgelerde, özellikle Hayber Pahtunhva eyaletinde ve Pencap'ın kuzeybatı bölgelerinde, çeşitli etnik kökenlere sahip birkaç milyon insan tarafından konuşulan çeşitli bir Lahnda lehçeleri grubunu kapsayan genel bir terimdir.^[1]

"Hindko" ismi "Hint dili" veya "Hind dili" anlamına gelir,^[a]^[5]^[2]^[6] ve Peştun halkı tarafından konuşulan İrani bir dil olan komşu Peştuca'nın aksine,^[7]^[8] kuzey Hindistan alt kıtasında konuşulan Hint-Aryan konuşma biçimlerini ifade etmektedir.^[2]^[7] Bu dil grubu için alternatif bir yerel isim Hindki'dir.^[b]^[9] Hindko konuşan biri Hindki, Hindkun veya Hindkovan (Hindkuwan) olarak tanımlanabilir.^[10]

Notlar

^ Buradaki "Hint" ifadesi, "Hindko" teriminin türediği "Hindistan" ya da "Hind" sözcüğünün tarihî anlamına, yani kuzey Hint yarımadası olarak bilinen eski*Hindustan bölgesine atıfta bulunur.^[2]^[3]^[4]
^ Hindki terimi genellikle Hindko dilini konuşan kişileri ifade eder.

Kaynakça

^ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992); Masica (1991); Shackle (1980). For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992)
^ ^a ^b ^c Venkatesh, Karthik (6 Temmuz 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko" (İngilizce). Mint. 30 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2019. The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn’t use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the “language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the “language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
^ West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania (İngilizce). Infobase Publishing. s. 285. ISBN 9781438119137. The term Hindko as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group.
^ Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992). The Soomras (İngilizce). Beacon Books. s. 36. The India of the ancient times extended from the Hindukush (Hindu meaning Indian, Kush meaning Koh or a mountain)... Apart from the names of places and streams there are many other words also which have 'Hind' as their adjectival parts. ... Hindko (the language of Peshawar and Abbotabad), Hindwana (water-melon), Indi maran (a wrestling skill), Hindvi (language other than Persian and Arabic spoken or written by locals) etc.
^ Shackle 1980.
^ Christophe Jaffrelot (2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins (İngilizce). Anthem Press. ISBN 9781843311492. Hindko could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group.
^ ^a ^b The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. s. 38. Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
^ Shackle 1980; Rensch 1992
^ Rensch 1992.
^ Nawaz 2014; Shackle 1980.

Bibliyografya

Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan". Al-Mushir. 28 (2). ss. 58-80.
Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1). ss. 65-84. ISSN 1028-6640.
Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. 18 Nisan 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 31 Aralık 2020. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.
Bahl, Kalicharan (1957). "A Note on Tones in Western Punjabi (Lahanda)". Indian Linguistics. Cilt 18. ss. 30-34.
Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7.
Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315760803. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3). ss. 191-202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. 29 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Şubat 2020.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 16 (2). ss. 59-79. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1628966213.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3). 29 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi29 Şubat 2020.
Kiani, Zafeer Hussain; Bukhari, Nadeem; Ahmed, Jamil; Hameed, Nouman (2012). "Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ss. 135-150. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1370361471.
Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey. SIL Electronic Survey Reports. 2010-012. 18 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ekim 2019.
Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. 29 Şubat 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Şubat 2020.
Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (1). ss. 65-73. ISSN 1028-6640.
Pierce, Johnathan F. (2011). Dialectics of Linguistic Elicitation: Textuality, language ideology and consultant interventions in linguistic fieldwork among urban Hindko speakers (Tez). United States -- Nevada: University of Nevada, Reno. ProQuest 918100986. 18 Eylül 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 20 Eylül 2020.
Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (Ed.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. 11 Mayıs 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Kasım 2016.
Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1). ss. 191-210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3). ss. 482-510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X.
Shackle, Christopher (1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (Ed.). Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. ss. 175-87.
Shackle, Christopher (2003). "Panjabi". Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (Ed.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. ss. 581-621. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
Sohail, Ayesha; Rehman, Khawaja A.; Kiani, Zafeer Hussain (2016). "Language divergence caused by LoC: a case study of District Kupwara (Jammu & Kashmir) and District Neelum (Azad Jammu & Kashmir)". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (2). ss. 103-120. ISSN 1028-6640.
Wyeth, Grant (2018). "A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan". Australian Institute of International Affairs. 11 Ekim 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 16 Ekim 2019.

[5] Buradaki "Hint" ifadesi, "Hindko" teriminin türediği "Hindistan" ya da "Hind" sözcüğünün tarihî anlamına, yani kuzey Hint yarımadası olarak bilinen eski*Hindustan bölgesine atıfta bulunur.^[2]^[3]^[4]

[10] Hindki terimi genellikle Hindko dilini konuşan kişileri ifade eder.

[1] For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992); Masica (1991); Shackle (1980). For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992)

[Venkatesh2019-2] Venkatesh, Karthik (6 Temmuz 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko" (İngilizce). Mint. 30 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 10 Ekim 2019. The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn’t use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the “language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the “language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.

[West2010-3] West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania (İngilizce). Infobase Publishing. s. 285. ISBN 9781438119137. The term Hindko as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic group.

[Sumra1992-4] Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992). The Soomras (İngilizce). Beacon Books. s. 36. The India of the ancient times extended from the Hindukush (Hindu meaning Indian, Kush meaning Koh or a mountain)... Apart from the names of places and streams there are many other words also which have 'Hind' as their adjectival parts. ... Hindko (the language of Peshawar and Abbotabad), Hindwana (water-melon), Indi maran (a wrestling skill), Hindvi (language other than Persian and Arabic spoken or written by locals) etc.

[FOOTNOTEShackle1980-6] Shackle 1980.

[Jaffrelot2004-7] Christophe Jaffrelot (2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins (İngilizce). Anthem Press. ISBN 9781843311492. Hindko could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group.

[GeijbelsAddleton-8] The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan. Christian Study Centre. s. 38. Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.

[9] Shackle 1980; Rensch 1992

[FOOTNOTERensch1992-11] Rensch 1992.

[12] Nawaz 2014; Shackle 1980.

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