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The satellites are launched by [[Arianespace]] [[Ariane (rocket)|rockets]] from [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]] or [[International Launch Services]] [[Proton rocket]]s from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]]. The satellites are launched into an elliptical "temporary transfer orbit" from where they use onboard propulsion to reach their final circular [[geostationary orbit]]s, at nearly 36,000 km altitude. Proton rockets fitted with a fourth stage propulsion unit are capable of launching the satellites several thousand kilometres higher (at the closest point of the elliptical orbit) than Ariane rockets. As a result most satellites launched in this way have to use less fuel to reach their geostationary orbit, increasing their lifetime.
The satellites are launched by [[Arianespace]] [[Ariane (rocket)|rockets]] from [[Kourou]], [[French Guiana]] or [[International Launch Services]] [[Proton rocket]]s from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]]. The satellites are launched into an elliptical "temporary transfer orbit" from where they use onboard propulsion to reach their final circular [[geostationary orbit]]s, at nearly 36,000 km altitude. Proton rockets fitted with a fourth stage propulsion unit are capable of launching the satellites several thousand kilometres higher (at the closest point of the elliptical orbit) than Ariane rockets. As a result most satellites launched in this way have to use less fuel to reach their geostationary orbit, increasing their lifetime.


===Failures===
===Başarısızlıklar===
[[Astra 1K]], the largest commercial communications satellite ever built at the time, was ordered by SES-Astra in 1997. It was launched by Proton rocket on [[November 26]] [[2002]]. The rocket lifted off as planned and reached its [[parking orbit]] at which point the final stage of the rocket was to initiate a second burn to transfer the satellite to its geostationary orbit. This did not occur and the satellite was released into the parking orbit, making it unusable. The only way to recover the satellite would have been the use of a [[Space Shuttle]], however this was rejected. On [[December 10]] [[2002]] SES Astra instructed Alcatel Space (the manufacturer) and the French Space Agency [[CNES]] to deorbit the satellite, it broke up on re-entry over the [[Pacific Ocean]].
[[Astra 1K]], the largest commercial communications satellite ever built at the time, was ordered by SES-Astra in 1997. It was launched by Proton rocket on [[November 26]] [[2002]]. The rocket lifted off as planned and reached its [[parking orbit]] at which point the final stage of the rocket was to initiate a second burn to transfer the satellite to its geostationary orbit. This did not occur and the satellite was released into the parking orbit, making it unusable. The only way to recover the satellite would have been the use of a [[Space Shuttle]], however this was rejected. On [[December 10]] [[2002]] SES Astra instructed Alcatel Space (the manufacturer) and the French Space Agency [[CNES]] to deorbit the satellite, it broke up on re-entry over the [[Pacific Ocean]].


Sayfanın 14.10, 1 Ekim 2008 tarihindeki hâli

Şablon:Başka dilden çevrilmekte

Şablon:Infobox Company SES Astra SA, bir SES yan kuruluşudur. Yeri Doğu Lüksemburg, Betzdorf'tadır. Hizmet verdiği Avrupa'da 91 milyon ev halkına, 176 transponder yolu ile yaklaşık 1100 dijital radyo ve televizyon yayınını ulaştıran Astra iletişim uydularını çalıştırır.

1985'te (Société Européenne des Satellites) (SES) olarak kuruldu ve Avrupa'nın ilk özel uydu operatörüydü. Sloganı ise, "Dünya senin uydu bağlantındır".

SES Astra'nın ilk müşterisi BSkyB'dir. 1989 yılında Astra 1A'da 4 adet transponder kiralamıştır.

Uydu detayları

SES Astra beş ayrı yörüngeden toplam 15 uyduyu işletmektedir. Bu uydular Astra-19.2 ° E, Astra-28.2 ° E, Astra-23.5 ° E, Astra-5 ° E, Astra-31.5 ° E'dır. Ortak yörünge Astra'nın ilkesidir. (Aynı yörüngede birden fazla uydu)

Uydu Pozisyon İlk ayak izi Yüklenici Model Fırlatılış Fırlatılış aracı
1A Servis Dışı (Aralık 2004) GE AstroSpace GE-4000 11 Aralık 1988 Ariane 44LP
1B Servis Dışı (Temmuz 2006) GE AstroSpace GE-5000 2 Mart 1991 Ariane 44LP
1C 5°E Hughes HS-601 12 Mayıs 1993 Ariane 42L
1D 31.5°E Hughes HS-601 1 Kasım 1994 Ariane 42P
1E 19.2°E Hughes HS-601 19 Ekim 1995 Ariane 42L
1F 19.2°E Hughes HS-601 8 Nisan 1996 Proton
1G 19.2°E Hughes HS-601HP 2 Aralık 1997 Proton
1H 19.2°E Hughes HS-601HP 16 Haziran 1999 Proton
1K 19.2°E Yörüngeye gönderimi başarısız Alcatel Space Spacebus 3000B3S 26 Kasım 2002 Proton
1KR 19.2°E Lockheed Martin A2100 20 Nisan 2006 Atlas V
1L 19.2°E Lockheed Martin A2100 4 Mayıs, 2007 Ariane 5-ECA
1M 19.2°E Yapım aşamasında EADS Astrium Eurostar E3000 2008'de
1N 19.2°E Yapım aşamasında EADS Astrium Eurostar E3000 2011'de
2A 28.2°E Hughes HS-601HP 30 Ağustos 1998 Proton
2B 28.2°E Astrium Eurostar E2000+ 14 Eylül 2000 Ariane 5
2C 28.2°E Hughes HS-601HP 16 Haziran 2001 Proton
2D 28.2°E Hughes HS-376HP 19 Aralık 2000 Ariane 5
3A 23.5°E Boeing HS-376HP 29 Mart 2002 Ariane 44L
3B 23.5°E Yapım aşamasında EADS Astrium Eurostar E3000 2009 sonu
4A 5°E Lockheed Martin A2100AX 18 Kasım 2007 Proton M
5A 31.5°E Alcatel Space Spacebus-3000B2 12 Kasım 1997

Satellite manufacturer & launch

SES Astra operates satellites designed by Boeing Satellite Systems or BSS (formerly Hughes Space and Communications), EADS Astrium, Alcatel Space, and Lockheed Martin.

Astra satellites within a family are not identical, for example of the Astra 2 satellites; 2A and 2C are BSS 601HPs, 2B is an Astrium Eurostar-2000 and 2D is a BSS 376.

The satellites are launched by Arianespace rockets from Kourou, French Guiana or International Launch Services Proton rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. The satellites are launched into an elliptical "temporary transfer orbit" from where they use onboard propulsion to reach their final circular geostationary orbits, at nearly 36,000 km altitude. Proton rockets fitted with a fourth stage propulsion unit are capable of launching the satellites several thousand kilometres higher (at the closest point of the elliptical orbit) than Ariane rockets. As a result most satellites launched in this way have to use less fuel to reach their geostationary orbit, increasing their lifetime.

Başarısızlıklar

Astra 1K, the largest commercial communications satellite ever built at the time, was ordered by SES-Astra in 1997. It was launched by Proton rocket on November 26 2002. The rocket lifted off as planned and reached its parking orbit at which point the final stage of the rocket was to initiate a second burn to transfer the satellite to its geostationary orbit. This did not occur and the satellite was released into the parking orbit, making it unusable. The only way to recover the satellite would have been the use of a Space Shuttle, however this was rejected. On December 10 2002 SES Astra instructed Alcatel Space (the manufacturer) and the French Space Agency CNES to deorbit the satellite, it broke up on re-entry over the Pacific Ocean.

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar

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