Penahali Han: Revizyonlar arasındaki fark
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'''Penah Ali Han''' (d. 1693, [[Terter]]; ö. 1761, [[Şiraz]] | [[Azerbaycan Türkçesi]]''':''' Pənahəli xan), 1693'te [[Azerbaycan]]'ın [[Terter]] ilinde doğan [[Karabağ Hanlığı]]'nın kurucusu ve ilk hanıdır.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-129462/Azerbaijan "History of Azerbaijan"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online:</ref><ref>[http://vostlit.info/Texts/rus2/Bakihanov/frametext4.htm Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov. Golestan-i Iram]</ref>[[Dosya:Penaheli xanin mezar dasi.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Penah Ali Han'ın Azerbaycan Ulusal Tarih Müzesi'ndeki kabri.]] |
'''Penah Ali Han''' (d. 1693, [[Terter]]; ö. 1761, [[Şiraz]] | [[Azerbaycan Türkçesi]]''':''' Pənahəli xan), 1693'te [[Azerbaycan]]'ın [[Terter]] ilinde doğan [[Karabağ Hanlığı]]'nın kurucusu ve ilk hanıdır.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-129462/Azerbaijan "History of Azerbaijan"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online:</ref><ref>[http://vostlit.info/Texts/rus2/Bakihanov/frametext4.htm Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov. Golestan-i Iram]</ref>[[Dosya:Penaheli xanin mezar dasi.jpg|right|thumb|240px|Penah Ali Han'ın Azerbaycan Ulusal Tarih Müzesi'ndeki kabri.]] |
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== Yaşamı == |
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==Kökeni ve yaşamının ilk yılları== |
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[[Karabağ Hanlığı]]'nın kurucusudur. Ülkenin soylu ailelerinden Cevanşir uruğuna mensup bir ailenin çocuğu olarak [[Karabağ]]'ın Alakargu köyünde dünyaya gelmiştir. Babası, İbrahim Halil Ağa'dır. |
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Penah Ali Han, Cevanşir uruğundandır. |
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=== Gençliği === |
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Panah Ali Khan was from the Sarijali branch of the clan of [[Javanshir clan|Javanshir]], who with their associate clan of ''Otuz-Iki'' (meaning ''thirty-two'' in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]) had for long been rivals of the ''Yirmi-Dört'' (meaning ''twenty-four'' in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]) and [[Qajar dynasty|Ziyadoglu Qajars]] of [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]], whose chiefs had been official rulers of Karabakh since [[Safavid]] times.<ref name="tapper114">{{cite book |
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Genç yaşlarında, [[Afşar]] komutanı [[Nadir Şah Afşar]]'ın yanında, ordu hizmetine girmiştir. Nadir Şah'ın yanındayken, devletle ilgili incelikleri öğrenmeye başlamıştır. [[Muğan Kurultaı]]'nda Nadir Şah'ın aleyhine oy verince, Nadir Şah tarafından [[Horasan]]'a sürgün edilmiştir.<ref name=":0">[[Qarabağnamələr|Qarabağnamə]], [[Mirzə Adıgözəl bəy]], 1950, s. 54</ref> Penah Ali, buna rağmen kendisine bağlı kişilerle geri dönmüş ve bir süre Karabağ Dağlarında, bir süre ise [[Şeki]]'de gizlenmiştir. |
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| last = Tapper |
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| first = Richard |
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| title = Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan |
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| publisher = Cambridge University Press |
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| year = 1997 |
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| location = |
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| pages = 114 |
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| isbn = 0-521-47340-3}}</ref> |
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Panah Ali's paternal great grandfather and namesake Panah Ali bey served at the court of [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] [[beylerbey]]s (governors) in the early 17th century, at the time when the region's was directly controlled by the [[Safavid Empire]] of [[Iran]]. He soon retired, married a woman from the [[Javanshir clan]] of [[Karabakh]] and had a son by the name of Ali (nicknamed Sarija Ali). They lived in their estate located in Arasbar ([[Arasbaran]]) (present-day [[Khojavend Rayon|Khojavend]] and [[Agdam Rayon|Agdam]] rayons of [[Azerbaijan]]) but also owned land in [[Tartar (rayon)|Tartar]] and the northern shores of the [[Aras River]]. The Arasbar estate was rebuilt into a castle in Sarija Ali's son Ibrahim Khalil's lifetime and has been known as Ibrahim Khalil Galasi since.<ref name="adigozel">Mirza Adigozel-bek, Karabakh-name (1845), Baku, 1950, p. 54</ref> |
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After the dethronement of the [[Safavids]] in 1736 by [[Nader Shah]], the landed classes of Ganja and Karabakh gathered in Mugan (the Javanshirs were also among them) deciding to oppose the new [[shah]] and agreeing on trying to get the Safavids back on the throne. When this news reached Nader Shah, he ordered all Muslim landowners of the region and their families deported to [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (northeastern [[Iran]]) as a punishment. As such, Panah Ali happened to be among the deportees.<ref name="adigozel"/> |
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In 1747, Panah Ali, by then already a successful ''[[naib]]'' and royal gérant de maison, found himself displeased with Nader Shah's attitude towards him and having gathered many of those deported from Karabakh in 1736, returned to his homeland. Due to his reputation as a skillful warrior and his wealthy ancestor's legacy in Karabakh, Panah Ali proclaimed himself and was soon recognized throughout most of the region as a ruler ([[Khan (title)|khan]]). The shah sent troops to bring back the runaway however the order was never fulfilled: Nader Shah himself was killed in Khorasan in June of the same year. The new ruler of Persia, [[Adil Shah]] issued a ''[[firman (decree)]]'' recognizing Panah Ali as the Khan of Karabakh.<ref name="adigozel"/> |
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==Karabakh Khanate== |
==Karabakh Khanate== |
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Sayfanın 14.32, 23 Nisan 2016 tarihindeki hâli
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Penah Ali Han (d. 1693, Terter; ö. 1761, Şiraz | Azerbaycan Türkçesi: Pənahəli xan), 1693'te Azerbaycan'ın Terter ilinde doğan Karabağ Hanlığı'nın kurucusu ve ilk hanıdır.[1][2]
Yaşamı
Karabağ Hanlığı'nın kurucusudur. Ülkenin soylu ailelerinden Cevanşir uruğuna mensup bir ailenin çocuğu olarak Karabağ'ın Alakargu köyünde dünyaya gelmiştir. Babası, İbrahim Halil Ağa'dır.
Gençliği
Genç yaşlarında, Afşar komutanı Nadir Şah Afşar'ın yanında, ordu hizmetine girmiştir. Nadir Şah'ın yanındayken, devletle ilgili incelikleri öğrenmeye başlamıştır. Muğan Kurultaı'nda Nadir Şah'ın aleyhine oy verince, Nadir Şah tarafından Horasan'a sürgün edilmiştir.[3] Penah Ali, buna rağmen kendisine bağlı kişilerle geri dönmüş ve bir süre Karabağ Dağlarında, bir süre ise Şeki'de gizlenmiştir.
Karabakh Khanate
The capital of the khanate was moved three times to strengthen the Panah Ali's power in the Karabakh. The Bayat fortress, built in 1748, was the khan first residence. "In a short period of time, external walls were constructed, ditches were dug out, and the bazaar, the bath and the mosque were build." Craftsmen from surrounding areas were re-settled into the castle. "Many of residents of the area and even residents, especially craftsmen, of the Tabriz district and Ardabil, moved into the Bayat castle with their families, having heard about Panah Ali Khan's success, governance and mercy."[4]
Strengthening of Panah Ali khan's power faced resistance from other khans (e.g. Khan of Ganca, Khan of Shaki) and from meliks of Nagorno-Karabakh. The struggle between the Karabakh khan and Haji Chalabi Khan of Shaki, one of the most powerful feudal rulers of the South Caucasus, started in 1748. Haji Chalabi Khan wishing Panah Ali khan's power not increased further, allied with the Khan of Shirvan and surrounded the castle of Bayat. The allies for the whole month unsuccessfully tried to capture the capital of the Karabakh khanate. The Shaki and Shirvan khans withdrew, incurring huge casualties and failing to accomplish the mission. Haji Chelebi Khan was forced to admit: "Until now Panah Khan was raw silver that was not minted. We came, minted it, and returned." [5] Same quote from another Karabakh historian of 19th century, Mirza Yusif, reads: "Until now Panah Khan was merely gold, we came and minted a coin from that gold."[6]
Death
When Karīm Khan Zand took control of much of Iran, he forced Panāh Khan to come to Shiraz (Capital), where he died as a hostage.[7] Panah-Ali Khan's son Ibrahim-Khalil Khan was sent back to Karabakh as governor.[8] Ibrahim, succeeding his father (1760), not only ruled over most of Qarābāḡ, but also became one of the major potentates in the Caucasus.
See also
References
- ^ "History of Azerbaijan" Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
- ^ Abbas-gulu Aga Bakikhanov. Golestan-i Iram
- ^ Qarabağnamə, Mirzə Adıgözəl bəy, 1950, s. 54
- ^ Mirza Jamal Javanshir (1847), History of Karabakh, Baku, 1959, p. 68
- ^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz
<ref>etiketi;adigozelisimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme) - ^ Mirza Yusuf, Tarihi-Safi, 1856
- ^ BOURNOUTIAN, GEORGE. "EBRAHÈM KHALÈL KHAN JAVANSHER". Encyclopedia Iranica. Erişim tarihi: 2011-11-04.
- ^ Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ss. 114–115. ISBN 0-521-47340-3.