Stratejik Servisler Ofisi

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The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was a Birleşik Devletler intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency and was the predecessor to the Central Intelligence Agency.

Beginning of the OSS

Prior to the formation of the OSS (the counterpart of the British Secret Intelligence Service), American intelligence had been conducted on an ad-hoc basis by the various departments of the executive branch, including State, Treasury, Navy and War. They had no overall direction, coordination, or control. The Army and the Navy had separate code-breaking departments (Signals Intelligence Service and OP-20-G) that not only competed, but refused to share break-throughs. Also, the original code-breaking operation of the State Department, MI-8, run by Herbert Yardley, had been shut down in 1929 by Secretary of State Henry Stimson because "gentlemen don't read each other's mail".[1] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. On the suggestion of Canadian spymaster William Stephenson, the senior representative of British intelligence in the western hemisphere, Roosevelt directed Stephenson's friend William J. Donovan, a World War I veteran, Medal of Honor recipient and New York lawyer, to draft a plan for an intelligence service. Donovan was employed to evaluate the global military position in order to offer suggestions concerning American intelligence requirements because the US did not have a central intelligence agency. After submitting his work, "Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information," Gen. Donovan was appointed as the "Co-ordinator of Information" in July, 1941.

The Office of Strategic Services was established by a presidential military order issued by Roosevelt on June 13, 1942, to collect and analyze strategic information required by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and to conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies. During the War, the OSS supplied policy makers with facts and estimates, but the OSS never had jurisdiction over all foreign intelligence activities—the FBI was responsible for intelligence work in Latin America, and the military guarded their areas of responsibility.

Among other activities, the OSS helped arm, train and supply resistance movements, including Mao Zedong's Red Army in China and the Viet Minh in French Indochina, in areas occupied by the Axis powers during the Second World War. The OSS also recruited and ran one of the war's most important spies, the German diplomat Fritz Kolbe. Other functions of the OSS included the use of propaganda, espionage, subversion, and post-war planning.

The OSS purchased Soviet code and cipher material (or Finnish information on them) from émigré Finnish army officers in late 1944. Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr. protested that this violated an agreement President Roosevelt made with the Soviet Union not to interfere with Soviet cipher traffic from the U.S. Donovan might have copied the papers before returning them the following January, but there is no record of Arlington Hall receiving them, and CIA and NSA archives have no surviving copies. This codebook was in fact used as part of the Venona decryption effort, which helped uncover large-scale Soviet espionage in North America.

One of the greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its penetration of Germany by OSS operatives. The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian individuals for missions inside Germany. Some of these agents included exiled communists and socialist party members, labor activists, anti-Nazi POWs, and German and Jewish refugees. At the height of its influence during World War II, the OSS employed over 12,000 personnel.

How the OSS became the CIA

A month and a half after the war was won, the OSS was disbanded by President Truman, on September 20, 1945. In the following month the functions of the OSS were split between the Departments of State and War. State received the Research and Analysis Branch of OSS which was renamed the Interim Research and Intelligence Service (IRIS) and headed by Alfred McCormack. The War Department took over the Secret Intelligence (SI) and Counter-espionage (X-2) Branches that were housed in a new office created for just this purpose - The Strategic Services Unit (SSU). The Secretary of War appointed Brigadier General John Magruder (formerly Donovan's Deputy Director for Intelligence in OSS) as director to oversee the liquidation, and more importantly the preservation of the OSS' clandestine intelligence capability.

Yet in January of 1946, President Truman created the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) which was the direct precursor to the CIA. The assets of the SSU, which now constituted a streamlined "nucleus" of clandestine intelligence was transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO). In 1947 the National Security Act established America's first permanent peacetime intelligence agency, the Central Intelligence Agency, which took up the functions of the OSS.

OSS Branches

• Secret Intelligence
• Research and Analysis
• Special Operations
• X-2 (counterespionage)
• Research & Development
• Morale Operations
• Maritime Units
• Operational Groups
• Communications
• Medical Services

OSS Facilities

Prince William Forest Park (then known as Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area) was the site of an OSS training camp that operated from 1942 to 1945. Area "C", consisting of approximately 6,000 acres (24 km²) was used extensively for communications training, whereas Area "A" was use for training some of the OGs. Catoctin Mountain Park now the location of Camp David, was the sites of OSS training Area "B." Congressional Country Club (Area F) in Bethesda, MD was the primary OSS training facility.

The Facilities of Catalina Island Marine Institute at Toyon Bay on Santa Catalina Island are composed (in part) of a former OSS survival training camp.

US Army units seconded to the OSS

• 2671st Special Reconnaissance Battalion
• 2677th Office of Strategic Services Regiment

In popular culture

• Author W.E.B. Griffin's "Honor Bound" series revolves around fictional OSS operations in Argentina and his "Men At War" series revolves around OSS operations around the world. Both series take place during WWII.

• In the 2008 movie Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull it is stated that Indiana Jones was a member of the OSS and worked on operations in the Pacific and Berlin and attained the rank of Colonel.

• Some games in the "Medal of Honor" franchise feature a plot surrounding Jimmy Patterson, a fictional OSS agent. In the "Medal of Honor Allied Assault", the player takes the role of Lt. Mike Powell, an agent for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Lt. Powell is sent through six missions in the North African and European theatre and is expected to complete multiple objectives on every mission.

• In the 2007 film Smokin' Aces, an FBI agent named Freeman Heller whom was celebrated as one of the first agents to implement under cover tactics that are now considered standard operating procedures for the bureau. Deputy Director Locke refers to Heller's prior involvement with the OSS prior to joining the bureau in it's "hay day".

• Dan Pinck's Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China (Naval Institute Press, 2003), tells the true story of an OSS agent sent behind enemy lines in China. W.E.B. Griffin described the book as a "valuable addition to history."

Ayrıca bakınız

• British Special Operations Executive
• OSS Detachment 101 operated in the China Burma India Theater of World War II.
• United States Army Special Forces
• 1st Marine Parachute Regiment {detachment}

Kaynakça

• Stanley P. Lovell, Of Spies and Stratagems (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963).

• Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan, 1982, ISBN 0-686-95975-2.

• Anthony Cave Brown, Secret War Report of the OSS, ISBN 0-425-03253-1.

Notlar

• .Şablon:NamedNote The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency, Michael Warner, CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Published: United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2000.

Dış bağlantılar

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Stratejik Servisler Ofisi ile ilgili çoklu ortam kategorisi bulunur.

• The OSS Society
• "The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency"—The CIA's OSS page
• OSS Blog
• OSS psychological profile report on Hitler
• OSS Psychological Warfare Study
• Office of Strategic Services Operational Groups
• OSS - The Psychology of War RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS BRANCH (R&A)
• Secret Norwegian sites in Sweden 1944-1945 financially supported by the OSS
• The Office of Strategic Services
• Operatives, Spies and Saboteurs - The Stories of the Men and Women of the OSS
• Office of Strategic Services (PSC/PMC)
• OSS - Roll of honour, awards and images.
• Former OSS agent's web site