Avrupa'nın en uzun binaları
Avrupa'nın en uzun binaları listesi Avrupa'daki gökdelenleri uzunluklarına göre sıralar. Avrupa'da gökdelenler Asya, Kuzey ve Güney Amerika'ya oranla az bulunsada, birkaç şehir barındırdıkları gökdelenler ile diğerlerinden sıyrılmaktadır. Önceleri, İstanbul, Frankfurt, Londra, Moskova, Paris ve Varşova gibi az sayıdaki finansal merkezde gökdelenler bulunurken (ve inşaatlar halen buralarda sürmektedir). Son senelerde gökdelen inşaası aralarında Barselona, Madrid, Benidorm, Rotterdam, Yekaterinburg, Kiev, Minsk, and Brüksel'in de bulunduğu pek çok şehire yayılmıştır.
2009'dan beri Avrupa'daki en yüksek gökdelen Moskova'da bulunan 306 metrelik City of Capitals Moscow Tower'dır. Aynı şehirde pek çok başka gökdelen inşasıda bulunmaktadır. Mercury City Tower (380m) 2011'den sonra Avrupa'daki en yüksek bina olmaya adaydır, Londra'da yer alan Shard London Bridge ise 2012'de tamamlandığında Avrupa Birliği içersindeki en yüksek bina olacaktır.[1]
Konu başlıkları |
Avrupa'nın En Yüksek Gökdelenleri [değiştir]
| İsim | Şehir | Yükseklik A | Kat | İnşa Yılı | ||
| metre | feet | |||||
| The Shard | Londra | 309.6 | 1017 | 87 | 2012 | |
| City of Capitals: Moscow [2][3] | Moscow | 306.6 | 1,003 | 76 | 2009 [4] | |
| Naberezhnaya Tower C | Moscow | 268.4 | 881 | 59 | 2007 | |
| Triumph-Palace [5] | Moscow | 264.3 | 867 | 57 | 2005 | |
| Sapphire of Istanbul | Istanbul | 261 | 856 | 54 | 2010 | |
| Commerzbank Tower | Frankfurt | 258.7 | 849 | 56 | 1997 | |
| City of Capitals: Saint Petersburg [2][6] | Moscow | 256.9 | 843 | 65 | 2010 [7] | |
| Messeturm | Frankfurt | 256.6 | 842 | 55 | 1990 | |
| Torre de Cristal | Madrid | 249.0 | 817 | 45 | 2008 | |
| Torre Caja Madrid | Madrid | 248.3 | 814 | 45 | 2008 | |
| Federation West Tower | Moscow | 242.4 | 795 | 62 | 2007 | |
| Moscow State University | Moscow | 240 | 787 | 36 | 1953 | |
| Imperia Tower | Moscow | 239 | 784 | 60 | 2010 | |
| Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso | Madrid | 236 | 774 | 52 | 2008 | |
| 1 Canada Square | Londra | 235.1 | 771.10 | 50 | 1991 | |
| Tour First | Paris | 231 | 758 | 56 | 2010 | |
| Palace of Culture and Science | Warsaw | 230.7 | 757 | 43 | 1955 | |
| Heron Tower | Londra | 230 | 755 | 46 | 2010 | |
| Torre Espacio | Madrid | 224 | 735 | 57 | 2008 | |
| House on Mosfilmovskaya 1 [8] | Moscow | 213.3 | 700 | 54 | 2011[4] | |
| Anthill Residence 1 | Istanbul | 210 | 689 | 54 | 2011 | |
| Anthill Residence 2 | Istanbul | 210 | 689 | 54 | 2011 | |
| Tour Montparnasse | Paris | 210 | 689 | 59 | 1972 | |
| Westendstraße 1 | Frankfurt | 208 | 682 | 53 | 1993 | |
| Warsaw Trade Tower | Warsaw | 208 | 682 | 43 | 1999 | |
| Millennium Tower | Vienna | 202 | 663 | 51 | 1999 | |
| Folkart Towers | Izmir | 200 | 656 | 45 | 2013 | |
| 25 Canada Square | Londra | 200 | 656 | 45 | 2001 | |
| Tower 185 | Frankfurt | 200 | 656 | 50 | 2011 | |
| Maintower | Frankfurt | 200 | 656 | 55 | 1999 | |
| 8 Canada Square | Londra | 200 | 656 | 45 | 2002 | |
| Hotel Ukraine | Moscow | 198 | 650 | 34 | 1955 | |
| Antey 3[9] | Yekaterinburg | 192 | 630 | 50 | 2011 | |
| Continental House [8] | Moscow | 191 | 627 | 48 | 2011[4] | |
| HSB Turning Torso | Malmö | 190 | 623 | 57 | 2005 | |
| Sparrow Hills Tower II | Moscow | 188.2 | 617 | 49 | 2004 | |
| Gran Hotel Bali | Benidorm | 187 | 614 | 52 | 2002 | |
| Tour Total | ParisB | 187 | 614 | 48 | 1985 | |
| Trianon | Frankfurt | 186 | 610 | 45 | 1993 | |
| Tour T1 | ParisB | 185 | 607 | 36 | 2008 | |
| Tour Areva | ParisB | 184 | 604 | 44 | 1974 | |
| Tower 42 | Londra | 183 | 600 | 43 | 1980 | |
| Tour Granite | ParisB | 183 | 600 | 36 | 2008 | |
| Isbank Tower 1 | Istanbul | 181 | 594 | 52 | 2000 | |
| Varyap Meridian Grand Tower 2 | Istanbul | 180 | 591 | 45 | 2011 | |
| 30 St Mary Axe | Londra | 179.8 | 589.9 | 41 | 2003 | |
| Tour Gan | ParisB | 179 | 587 | 44 | 1974 | |
| Edelweiss[10] | Moscow | 176 | 577 | 43 | 2003 | |
| Kotelnicheskaya Embankment | Moscow | 176 | 577 | 32 | 1952 | |
| Aliye Parusa 2[11] | Moscow | 175.6 | 576 | 48 | 2003 | |
| Avaz Twist Tower | Sarajevo | 172 | 564.3 | 41 | 2007 | |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | Moscow | 172 | 564 | 27 | 1953 | |
| Nordstar Tower[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Moscow | 171.5 | 563 | 42 | 2009 | |
| Spinnaker Tower | Portsmouth | 170 | 558 | 4 | 2005 | |
| Opernturm | Frankfurt | 170 | 558 | 42 | 2009 | |
| Beetham Tower | Manchester | 169 | 554 | 50 | 2006 | |
| Tekstilkent Plaza 1 | Istanbul | 168 | 551 | 44 | 2000 | |
| Tekstilkent Plaza 2 | Istanbul | 168 | 551 | 44 | 2000 | |
| Tour Alicante | ParisC | 167 | 548 | 37 | 1995 | |
| Tour Chassagne | ParisC | 167 | 548 | 37 | 1995 | |
| Swissôtel Krasnye Holmy Moscow[12] | Moscow | 166.5 | 546 | 34 | 2005 | |
| Silver Tower | Frankfurt | 166 | 545 | 32 | 1978 | |
| Maastoren | Rotterdam | 165 | 541 | 35 | 2009 | |
| Tour du Crédit Lyonnais | Lyon | 165 | 541 | 42 | 1977 | |
| Tour EDF | ParisD | 165 | 541 | 41 | 2001 | |
| Selenium Twins 1[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Istanbul | 165 | 541 | 34 | 2008 | |
| Selenium Twins 2[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Istanbul | 165 | 541 | 34 | 2008 | |
| Iberdrola Tower | Bilbao | 165 | 541 | 40 | 2011 | |
| Broadgate Tower | Londra | 164.3 | 539 | 35 | 2009 | |
| Continental[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Kiev | 164 | 538 | 35 | 2009 | |
| InterContinental Warsaw | Warsaw | 163.5 | 536 | 45 | 2003 | |
| Selçuklu Kulesi[13] | Konya | 163 | 535 | 42 | 2006 | |
| Well House na Leninskom [14] | Moscow | 162 | 531 | 46 | 2009[7] | |
| Palazzo Lombardia[15] | Milan | 161.3 | 529 | 39 | 2010 | |
| Cœur Défense | ParisB | 161 | 528 | 40 | 2001 | |
| Kudrinskaya Square[16] | Moscow | 160 | 525 | 22 | 1954 | |
| Sky Tower 1[17] | Istanbul | 160 | 525 | 42 | 2010 | |
| Rixos Bomonti Residence[18] | Istanbul | 159 | 522 | 43 | 2010 | |
| Tour Assur (AXA) | ParisB | 159 | 522 | 39 | 1974 | |
| Plaza Büro Center | Frankfurt | 159 | 522 | 47 | 1976 | |
| Rondo 1-B[19] | Warsaw | 159.1 | 522 | 40 | 2006 | |
| Akbank Tower | Istanbul | 158 | 518 | 39 | 1993 | |
| Torre Lugano[20] | Benidorm | 158 | 518 | 43 | 2008 | |
| New Orleans[21] | Rotterdam | 158 | 518 | 45 | 2010 | |
| Torre Picasso | Madrid | 157 | 515 | 43 | 1988 | |
| Parus Business Centre | Kiev | 156 | 512 | 34 | 2007 | |
| One Churchill Place | Londra | 156 | 512 | 32 | 2004 | |
| Sparrow Hills Tower I | Moscow | 155 | 509 | 44 | 2004 | |
| Sparrow Hills Tower III | Moscow | 155 | 509 | 44 | 2004 | |
| Tour Adria | ParisB | 155 | 509 | 40 | 2002 | |
| Tour Egée | ParisB | 155 | 509 | 40 | 1999 | |
| Deutsche Bank Tower I | Frankfurt | 155 | 509 | 40 | 1984 | |
| Deutsche Bank Tower II | Frankfurt | 155 | 509 | 38 | 1984 | |
| Park Arkon Residence 1[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Istanbul | 155 | 509 | 39 | 2010 | |
| Istanbul Trump Tower 1[22] | Istanbul | 155 | 508 | 39 | 2010 | |
| Hotel Arts Barcelona | Barcelona | 154 | 505 | 44 | 1992 | |
| Torre Mapfre | Barcelona | 154 | 505 | 40 | 1992 | |
| Skyper | Frankfurt | 154 | 505 | 38 | 2004 | |
| Uprise Elite[22] | Istanbul | 154 | 505 | 42 | 2010 | |
| Süzer Plaza Ritz-Carlton[22] | Istanbul | 154 | 504 | 34 | 1998 | |
| 25 Bank Street | Londra | 153 | 502 | 33 | 2003 | |
| 40 Bank Street | Londra | 153 | 502 | 33 | 2003 | |
| Polat Tower Residence[18] | Istanbul | 153 | 500 | 40 | 2001 | |
| Tour Ariane | ParisD | 152 | 499 | 36 | 1975 | |
| Gebouw Delftse Poort 1[23] | Rotterdam | 151 | 497 | 41 | 1992 | |
| PRISMA[24][25] | Yekaterinburg | 151 | 495 | 37 | 2009 | |
| Gazprom[26] | Moscow | 151 | 495 | 35 | 1994 | |
| 10 Upper Bank Street | Londra | 151 | 495 | 32 | 2003 | |
| Hochhaus Neue Donau[27] | Vienna | 150 | 492 | 34 | 2001 | |
| Tour du Midi | Brussels | 150 | 492 | 38 | 1967 | |
| Rembrandt Tower[28] | Amsterdam | 150 | 492 | 36 | 1995 | |
| Millennium Tower | Rotterdam | 149 | 489 | 35 | 2000 | |
| Europa Tower | Vilnius | 149 | 489 | 33 | 2004 | |
| KölnTurm[29] | Cologne | 148 | 486 | 43 | 2001 | |
| Eurotower | Frankfurt | 148 | 486 | 39 | 1977 | |
| Strata SE1 | Londra | 148 | 486 | 43 | 2010 | |
| Pan Peninsula | Londra | 147.39 | 483.56 | 48 | 2008 | |
| Sun Plaza[30] | Istanbul | 147 | 482 | 38 | 2005 | |
| Colonia-Hochhaus | Cologne | 147 | 482 | 42 | 1972 | |
| Tour CMA-CGM[31] | Marseille | 147 | 482 | 33 | 2009 | |
| House in Sokolniki[32] | Moscow | 146.9 | 482 | 43 | 2008 | |
| Hochaus Uptown München[33] | Munich | 146 | 479 | 38 | 2004 | |
| Finance Tower[34] | Brussels | 145 | 476 | 36 | 1984 | |
| Dexia Tower[35] | Brussels | 145 | 476 | 38 | 2006 | |
| Jen-Tower | Jena | 145 | 476 | 30 | 1973 | |
| Neguri Gane[36] | Benidorm | 145 | 476 | 40 | 2002 | |
| Istanbul Trump Tower 2[37] | Istanbul | 145 | 475 | 37 | 2010 | |
| Torre Agbar | Barcelona | 144.44 | 474 | 33 | 2004 | |
| Tour Bretagne | Nantes | 144 | 472 | 32 | 1976 | |
| Warsaw Financial Center[38] | Warsaw | 144 | 472 | 35 | 1998 | |
| Metrocity Tower 2 | Istanbul | 143 | 469 | 35 | 2000 | |
| Metrocity Tower 3 | Istanbul | 143 | 469 | 35 | 2000 | |
| TAT Tower 1[37] | Istanbul | 143 | 469 | 34 | 2000 | |
| TAT Tower 2[37] | Istanbul | 143 | 469 | 34 | 2000 | |
| Metrocity Tower 1 | Istanbul | 143 | 469 | 31 | 2000 | |
| Tour Pleyel | ParisE | 143 | 469 | 37 | 1972 | |
| Guy's Tower | Londra | 142.6 | 467.8 | 34 | 1974 | |
| Tour CBX | ParisB | 142 | 466 | 36 | 2005 | |
| City-Haus[39] | Frankfurt | 142 | 466 | 42 | 1974 | |
| Frankfurter Büro Center[40] | Frankfurt | 142 | 466 | 40 | 1980 | |
| City-Hochhaus Leipzig[41] | Leipzig | 142 | 466 | 36 | 1971 | |
| Hoftoren | The Hague | 142 | 466 | 30 | 2003 | |
| Westpoint Tower | Tilburg | 142 | 466 | 48 | 2004 | |
| Torre de Madrid | Madrid | 142 | 466 | 37 | 1957 | |
| Sea Towers | Gdynia | 141.6 | 464 | 36 | 2009 | |
| Montevideo | Rotterdam | 140 | 459 | 43 | 2005 | |
| Centrum LIM[42] | Warsaw | 140 | 459 | 43 | 1989 | |
| West Tower | Liverpool | 140 | 459 | 40 | 2007 | |
| IZD Tower [43] | Vienna | 140 | 459 | 37 | 2001 | |
| Izmailovsky block 1[44] | Moscow | 140 | 459 | 37 | 2008 | |
| Izmailovsky block 2[44] | Moscow | 140 | 459 | 37 | 2008 | |
| Sabanci Center 2 | Istanbul | 140 | 459 | 34 | 1993 | |
| Prestige Hotel[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Istanbul | 140 | 459 | 38 | 2007 | |
| Uphill Court 1[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Istanbul | 140 | 459 | 33 | 2008 | |
| Uphill Court 1[kaynak belirtilmeli] | Istanbul | 140 | 459 | 33 | 2008 | |
| Sisli Elit Residence[45] | Istanbul | 140 | 459 | 35 | 2000 | |
| Edificio Kronos[46] | Benidorm | 140 | 459 | 41 | 2008 | |
| Avenue 77 block 1[47][48] | Moscow | - | - | 43 | 2008 | |
| Avenue 77 block 2[47][48] | Moscow | - | - | 43 | 2008 | |
| Avenue 77 block 3[47][48] | Moscow | - | - | 43 | 2008 | |
| many lower buildings | ||||||
Avrupa'nın En Yüksek Bina Özelliğini Taşımış Binalar [değiştir]
| İsim | Şehir | En Yüksek Olarak Kaldığı Yıl | Metre | Feet | Kat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City of Capitals: Moscow | Moscow | 2009–present | 306 H | 1,003 | 77 |
| Naberezhnaya Tower C | Moscow | 2007–2009 | 268 | 881 | 59 |
| Triumph-Palace | Moscow | 2005–2007 | 264 | 866 | 57 |
| Commerzbank Tower | Frankfurt | 1997–2005 | 259 | 849 | 56 |
| Messeturm | Frankfurt | 1990–1997 | 257 | 843 | 55 |
| Moscow State University | Moscow | 1953–1990 | 240 | 787 | 36 |
| Kotelnicheskaya Embankment | Moscow | 1952–1953 | 176 | 577 | 32 |
| Boerentoren | Antwerp | 1932-1952 | 96 | 315 | 26 |
Yapılması Plananlana Yapılar [değiştir]
Şablon:Update-section Bu liste Avrupa'da halen yapımda olan ve en az 140 metre (459 ft) olacak binaların listesidir.
Yapılması Planlanan Avrupa'nın En Büyük Gökdelenleri [değiştir]
140 metre (459 ft).
| İsim |
Şehir |
Metre |
Feet |
Kat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agaoglu Tower | 500 | 1640 | 125 | |
| Crystal Island | 450 | 1476 | 102 | |
| Millenium Tower | 369 | 1211 | 97 | |
| Hermitage Plaza | 323 | 1060 | 93 | |
| Tour Generali | 308 | 1011 | 56 | |
| Tour Phare | 300 | 984 | 68 | |
| Ipek Yolu | 300 | 984 | 68 | |
| Municipality Center | 299 | 988 | 67 | |
| Simpaş Bomonty Tower | 250 | 820 | 63 | |
| Zincirlikuyu Residence 1 | 204 | 669 | 50 | |
| Zincirlikuyu Residence 2 | 204 | 669 | 49 | |
| Doğuş GE GYO Tower | 200 | 656 | 47 | |
| Levent Tower | 200 | 656 | 40 | |
| Shanghai Tower | 200 | 656 | 60 | |
| Sisli Tower | 195 | 640 | 70 | |
| Regnum Tower | 180 | 591 | 38 | |
| King Edward Tower | 165 | 541 | 54 | |
| Renaissance Business Center | 152 | 499 | 36 | |
| Luxist Residence | 150 | 492 | 42 | |
| Perpa Trade Center 1 | 143 | 469 | 42 | |
| Perpa Trade Center 2 | 143 | 469 | 42 | |
| Perpa Trade Center 3 | 143 | 469 | 42 | |
| Perpa Trade Center 4 | 143 | 469 | 42 |
Avrupa'nın En Yüksek Gökdelenlerinin Yüksekliği [değiştir]
| İsim |
Şehir |
Metre |
Feet |
Kat |
Bitim |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City of Capitals: Moscow[2] | 306 | 1,004 | 76 | 2009[7] | |
| Diamond of Istanbul | 305 | 986 | 57 | 2011 | |
| Commerzbank Tower | 300 | 985 | 56 | 1997 | |
| Naberezhnaya Tower C | 268 | 881 | 59 | 2007 | |
| Triumph-Palace | 264 | 868 | 57 | 2005 | |
| Sapphire of Istanbul | 261 | 856 | 54 | 2010 | |
| City of Capitals: Saint Petersburg[2] | 257 | 843 | 65 | 2009[7] | |
| Messeturm | 257 | 843 | 55 | 1990 | |
| Torre Caja Madrid | 250 | 820 | 45 | 2008 | |
| Torre de Cristal | 249 | 817 | 45 | 2007 | |
| Federation West Tower | 242 | 795 | 62 | 2007 | |
| Maintower | 240 | 787 | 55 | 1999 | |
| Moscow State University | 240 | 787 | 36 | 1953 | |
| Imperia Tower | 239 | 784 | 60 | 2010 | |
| Torre Sacyr Vallehermoso | 236 | 774 | 52 | 2007 | |
| Torre Espacio | 236 | 774 | 57 | 2007 | |
| One Canada Square | 235 | 771 | 50 | 1991 | |
| Tour First | 231 | 758 | 56 | 2010 | |
| Palace of Culture and Science | 230.7 | 757 | 43 | 1955 | |
| Heron Tower | 230 | 755 | 47 | 2010 | |
| House on Mosfilmovskaya 1[8] | 213.3 | 700 | 54 | 2009 | |
| Anthill Residence 1 | 210 | 689 | 54 | 2011 | |
| Anthill Residence 2 | 210 | 689 | 54 | 2011 | |
| Gran Hotel Bali | 210 | 689 | 52 | 2002 | |
| Tour Montparnasse | 210 | 689 | 59 | 1972 | |
| Westendstraße 1 | 208 | 682 | 53 | 1993 | |
| Warsaw Trade Tower | 208 | 682 | 43 | 1999 | |
| Millennium Tower | 202 | 663 | 51 | 1999 | |
| 25 Canada Square | 200 | 656 | 45 | 2001 | |
| 8 Canada Square | 200 | 656 | 45 | 2002 | |
| many lower buildings | |||||
Ayrıca bakınız [değiştir]
Kaynaklar [değiştir]
- ^ [1], The Guardian, 23 Kasım 2010
- ^ a b c d City of Capitals at SkyscraperCity.com
- ^ CTBUH City of Capitals profile
- ^ a b c d Topped out in 2009, but still under construction
- ^ Triumph-Palace official site
- ^ CTBUH City of Capitals profile
- ^ a b c d Topped out in 2008
- ^ a b c Official site
- ^ CTBUH: Antey-III
- ^ Edelweiss at emporis.com
- ^ Aliye Parusa 2 at emporis.com
- ^ Swissotel Krasnye Holmy at SkyscraperPage
- ^ [2]
- ^ Wellhouse at Leninsky Official site
- ^ Palazzo Lombardia at CTBUH
- ^ Kudrinskaya Square at emporis.com
- ^ Official site
- ^ a b Polat Tower Residence, Istanbul on emporis.com
- ^ Rondo 1-B, Warsaw at emporis.com
- ^ Torre Lugano at emporis.com
- ^ a b New Orleans, Rotterdam
- ^ a b c Süzer Plaza Ritz-Carlton, Istanbul on emporis.com
- ^ Gebouw Delftse Poort 1 at emporis.com
- ^ PRISMA, Gefest metal factory
- ^ Prisma, Yekaterinburg at emporis.com
- ^ Gazprom building at emporis.com
- ^ Hochhaus Neue Donau at emporis.com
- ^ Rembrandt Towerat emporis.com
- ^ Köln Turm at emporis.com
- ^ Sun Plaza, Instanbul on emporis.com
- ^ Tour CMA-CGM, Marseille
- ^ Official site
- ^ Hochhaus Uptown München at emporis.com
- ^ Tour Finances / Financietoren at emporis.com
- ^ Dexia Tower at emporis.com
- ^ Neguri Gane at emporis.com
- ^ a b c TAT Towers, Istanbul on emporis.com
- ^ Warsaw Financial Center, Warsaw at emporis.com
- ^ City-Haus, Frankfurt at emporis.com
- ^ Frankfurter Büro Center, Frakfurt at emporis.com
- ^ Panorama Tower at emporis.com
- ^ Centrum LIM, Warsaw at emporis.com
- ^ IZD Tower SkyscraperPage entry
- ^ a b Official site
- ^ Sisli Elit Residence, Istanbul
- ^ Edificio Kronos at emporis.com
- ^ a b c Avenue 77, Moscow at emporis.com
- ^ a b c Moscow - SkyscraperPage.com
- ^ a b c [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ Sky Tower 1, Wrocław
- ^ "Zgarie-norii de la Esplanada vor depasi Casa Poporului" (Romanian). Romania Libera. http://www.romanialibera.ro/index.php?page=13&aid=51398. Erişim tarihi: 2009-08-17.
- ^ Residencial In Tempo, Benidorm
- ^ "Dorobanti Tower Diamant, noul zgarie-nori de 200 de metri din Bucuresti" (Romanian). banknews.ro. http://www.banknews.ro/stire/24816_dorobanti_tower_diamant,_noul_zgarie-nori_de_200_de_metri_din_bucuresti.html. Erişim tarihi: 2009-08-13.
- ^ Continental on SkyscraperCity.comŞablon:Verify credibility
- ^ http://www.city-life.it/pagine/home.aspx
- ^ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=611318
- ^ "Dâmboviţa Center a fost aprobat de Consiliul General al Capitalei" (Romanian). www.antena3.ro. 2009-03-31. http://www.antena3.ro/economic/imobiliare/dambovita-center-a-fost-aprobat-de-consiliul-general-din-capitala_68243.html. Erişim tarihi: 2009-08-18.